Berry, P. (2019). Policing in Socially Disorganized Communities: The Implementation of Community Policing, Crime Analysis, and Policing Technologies (Doctoral dissertation, Radford University).
This study is relevant since it creates a deeper understanding of community policing practices under the social disorganization framework. The study aims to better understand community policing and how it is implemented in different levels of social disorganization and crime. Berry argues that community policing across the United States have transformed. Community policing practices have been implemented to improve relationships between private citizens and the police. According to the author, the main reason to revolutionize community policing practices is to modernize police tactics and reduce crime. Crime analysis and community policing practices have been proven to impact police departments in the United States positively; however, there is a lack of research undertaken to tie the community policing techniques to disorganization theory. The review uses data obtained from UCR and LEMAS to investigate the relationship between social disorganization levels and community policing practices. In analyzing the statistical data, Berry utilized the regression technique. In his study, the author found out that police departments fail to implement community policing in socially disorganized areas. The study also found out that the implementation of community policing varies in different communities depending on population density. As such, the police department with more officers and less population density utilizes community policing on a more prevalent basis. Indeed, the study proved that community policing techniques could be tied to social disorganization theory.
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Crowl, J. N. (2017). The effect of community policing on fear and crime reduction, police legitimacy and job satisfaction: an empirical review of the evidence. Police Practice and Research , 18 (5), 449-462.
The article is relevant since it measures community policing to reduce crime among citizens and enhance police officer job satisfaction. The study aims to synthesize available community policing literature and assess research pieces' credibility in examining community policing impact on job satisfaction, police legitimacy, fear of crime, and crime reduction. The author argues that community policing enhances law implementation by working closely with private citizens to solve crime-related issues. Community policing approaches are established to increase community and police partnerships and improve citizens' lives. Community policing concepts have received much attention from practitioners, academicians, and police administrators. Crowl utilized the available research elements to inspect community policing's efficiency on several outcome actions, including police lawfulness, community policing attitude, and fear of crime. The study revealed that community policing strategies were connected to fear of crime. However, the connection is mediated by residents' perceptions of quality of life and neighborhood disorder. Community policing was associated with job contentment and improved police legitimacy. Also, the author found out that community policing had no substantial impact on delinquency reduction. On the contrary, crime reduction benefits community policing programs. The study verified that community policing improves police legitimacy, enhance job contentment, and has no substantial impact on crime reduction.
Kearns, E. M. (2017). Why are some officers more supportive of community policing with minorities than others? Justice quarterly , 34 (7), 1213-1245.
The article is relevant in that it explores why police officers do not equally support community policing. Nevertheless, community policing is a practical problem-solving tactic that addresses some real situations that threatens community safety. The study aims to research and explain the officers' variations when supporting community policing with marginalized ethnic groups. According to the author, the police officers are not in the same way supporting and enhancing community policies despite improving citizen-officer relationships. Despite many departments adopting community policing practices recently, what usually happens dramatically varies. Most police sectors claim that they are engaging in community policing; however, they fail to promote virtual community policing practices. Community policing is necessarily decentralized to allow police officers to respond to arising issues quickly. Kearns investigated if police officers differed when supporting community policing across various racial communities and explained the variation. Kearns obtained data from police officers from three departments around Washington, DC. Seven hundred forty-one police officers had an opportunity to participate in the study. Kearns, in his research, found out that individual officers have varying beliefs on racial minorities. From the analysis, minority officers with lower ranks supported community policing. Also, police officers in the urban section are less compassionate of community policing than rural department police. The study proved that officers do not equally support community policing.
Lombardo, R. M., & Donner, C. M. (2018). Can community policing increase residents’ informal social control? Testing the impact of the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy. Police Practice and Research , 19 (5), 427-442.
The study is relevant as it examines community policing practices' capability to enhance communal control. The primary purpose of the study is to determine whether community policing can build informal social control. Lombardo & Donner argue that community policing enables private citizens and police to work creatively to resolve present-day community glitches connected to criminality fright, crime, and physical and social conditions. Typically, community policing efforts have incorporated broad dogmas to reduce crime by asking the citizens to assume the responsibility of controlling it. Private Citizens can take crime responsibility control by working with the police to establish resolutions to community crime. Lombardo & Donner also argue that various police programs can inherently increase social control mechanisms despite being subjected to less research. The data used in the study was obtained from a community survey in the Chicago neighborhood. Lombardo & Donner analyzed data collected from 8782 residents using multivariate and bivariate methods. The study found out that community policing enhanced informal social control. Furthermore, the study found out that community policing impact on social control can only be mediated by police satisfaction. The finding suggests that community policing can control neighborhood crime. Indeed, the research managed to prove that community policing enhances social control.
Peyton, K., Sierra-Arévalo, M., & Rand, D. G. (2019). A field experiment on community policing and police legitimacy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 116 (40), 19894-19898.
The research is relevant since there is a need to determine if community policing can change people’s attitudes towards police officers. The article aims to investigate how positive interaction with the police can cause attitude improvement towards the police. The article authors argue that police violence against weaponless civilians has drawn much attention worldwide. Community policing has been widely promoted as an intervention measure to reduce police violence, enhance police legitimacy, and build public trust. Community policing is widely promoted since it encourages non-enforcement positive contact between the public and the police officers. Despite the decrease in crime rates, the tensions between the public and the police officers continue to discourage the establishment of cooperative relationships that enhance public safety and police functions. In response, several policymakers are improving community policing as a strategy to reduce long-lasting tensions between the public and police, enhance police legitimacy, and promote public trust. In conducting a field experiment, Peyton, Sierra-Arévalo, & Rand conducted a randomized trial in New Haven that focused on determining individual consequences of positive interaction between the police and the public. The study found out that community policing, which encourages positive contact with the police, improves the publics’ attitude towards the police, including the willingness to cooperate. The study demonstrates that non-enforcement positive contact enabled by community policing improves public- police interactions. The study proved that community policing improves people’s attitudes towards police officers.
Stein, R. E., & Griffith, C. (2017). Resident and police perceptions of the neighborhood: Implications for community policing. Criminal justice policy review , 28 (2), 139-154.
The academic source is relevant since it investigates the reason for failing community policing programs. The authors sought to examine the difference in police and resident's perception across three areas located in Midwestern city. Stein & Griffith argue that the implementation of community policing programs entirely depends on the residents and police understanding the community needs. Typically, the police must be aware of the community needs for community policing to be operational. When the police are aware of community needs, they can get the residents on board and involved in efforts to reduce disorder and crime. The authors also believe that the difference between residents and police perceptions could negatively affect community crime prevention policies' success. The research found out that the police and the residents have a different interpretation of the neighborhood. From the study, the police working in high crime areas have a prejudiced perception of crime and disorder. The police tend to be biased towards individuals living in high crime areas, making it challenging to implement community policing programs. The research also found out that community policing programs can only be operative if neighborhood key elements are considered. These fundamental elements include safety feeling, share expectations, and crime perception as a community problem. The research proved that community policing programs are failing because police officers are biased.
References
Berry, P. (2019). Policing in socially disorganized communities: the implementation of community policing, crime analysis, and policing technologies (Doctoral dissertation, Radford University).
Crowl, J. N. (2017). The effect of community policing on fear and crime reduction, police legitimacy and job satisfaction: an empirical review of the evidence. Police Practice and Research , 18 (5), 449-462.
Kearns, E. M. (2017). Why are some officers more supportive of community policing with minorities than others? Justice Quarterly , 34 (7), 1213-1245.
Lombardo, R. M., & Donner, C. M. (2018). Can community policing increase residents’ informal social control? Testing the impact of the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy. Police Practice and Research , 19 (5), 427-442.
Peyton, K., Sierra-Arévalo, M., & Rand, D. G. (2019). A field experiment on community policing and police legitimacy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 116 (40), 19894-19898.
Stein, R. E., & Griffith, C. (2017). Resident and police perceptions of the neighborhood: Implications for community policing. Criminal Justice Policy Review , 28 (2), 139-154.
