During times of emergencies, it is possible to construe the losses and effects significantly. This is possible when communities, people, and authorities situated in areas prone to hazards make adequate preparations and show readiness to act to deal with the tragedies. They should also have adequate knowledge as well as capacities to allow them to manage disasters in an effective manner (Eisenman, et al., 2014) . It is crucial to devise approaches for establishing resilience of communities and countries to disasters while at the same time minimizing subjectivity to emergencies. Based on their impact and scale, disasters or emergencies might need resources from various organizations and agencies to facilitate in addressing the threats that emerge (Linnell, 2013) . When communities, volunteers, organizations, and citizens work in a collaborative manner, they are capable of preparing themselves from the threats adequately. They also gain increased information of minimizing the disruption, trauma, and disruption that result from emergencies.
In the community setting, it is essential to focus on devising key approaches for fostering active participation as well as ownership of appropriate stakeholders. These should target communities by engaging in efforts aimed at minimizing risks through efforts of fostering the volunteerism spirit (Chandra, et al., 2013) . Institutional and legislation arrangements would play a vital role in terms of ensuring that they bring all involved parties together in risk and disaster management sectors to assist in planning and responding in increasingly coordinated and integrated ways (Lindsey, 2014) . Local authorities, government agencies, business interests, vital infrastructure managers, and non-governmental organizations together with the public should ensure to take part in deliberate and inclusive processes of encouraging community manages to take an active role in emergency preparedness.
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When it comes to involving the community in emergency preparedness, the major area of emphasis should be on individuals and what they are capable of doing as opposed to the hazards and the risks that they might encounter (Chandra, et al., 2013) . A significant area of focus should entail stressing on the need for utilizing the prevailing or established networks, including workplaces, families, organizations, associations, and congregations among others when reaching out to individuals in the event of emergencies (Tomio, Sato, Matsuda, Koga, & Mizumura, 2014) . Persons prefer taking part in communal efforts via the institutions and groups that they usually participate in as opposed to collaboration types created specifically for disaster and emergency management. Hence, cooperation between distinct players needs to take place before the actual occurrence of a disaster. Also, the issue of collaboration should not have to emphasize on disaster or emergency per se (Eisenman, et al., 2014) . Most of the prevailing networks, groups, and organizations involved in collective interests and needs should serve as prospective actors in disaster and emergency preparedness and response (Lindsey, 2014) . Networks and individuals within certain professions or interest groups lacking prior connection to emergency management might have certain material resources or skills required in disaster and emergency preparedness and response.
Gender, ethnicity, economic, and social situations serve as among the several discrimination causes in disaster and crisis management initiatives. Via voluntary work in the community and capacity building, it would be possible to trigger empowerment processes. The effect is an improved community sense and increased co-production opportunities (Tomio, Sato, Matsuda, Koga, & Mizumura, 2014) . It is possible to establish vital partnerships among groups that relate with certain populations daily. These might comprise of sports clubs, scout clubs, faith based organizations, home-school organization, and disability communities. Hence, all community members need to serve as emergency preparedness team members. These would comprise of community and social service institutions and groups, disability groups, academic, faith-based organizations, and nonprofit and private sectors (Linnell, 2013) . Identifying the vital contact points for all community constituencies makes outreach and communication most effective during emergency preparedness instances.
References
Chandra, A., Williams, M., Plough, A., Stayton, A., Wells, K. B., Horta, M., & Tang, J. (2013). Getting actionable about community resilience: the Los Angeles county community disaster resilience project. American Journal of Public Health, 103 (7), 1181-1189.
Eisenman, D., Chandra, A., Fogleman, S., Magana, A., Hendricks, A., Wells, K., & Plough, A. (2014). The Los Angeles county community disaster resilience project—a community-level, public health initiative to build community disaster resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11 (8), 8475-8490.
Lindsey, J. T. (2014). Management of ambulance services. London: Pearson Education.
Linnell, M. (2013). Community approaches involving the public in crisis management: a literature review. Östersund: Risk and Crisis Research Centre.
Tomio, J., Sato, H., Matsuda, Y., Koga, T., & Mizumura, H. (2014). Household and community disaster preparedness in Japanese provincial city: a population-based household survey. Advances in Anthropology, 4 (2), 68-77.
