Question one (Answer) . Gestation is a process that includes three prenatal stages:
Germinal Stage: First two weeks after conception or fertilization characterized by rapid cell division as the fertilized zygote divides and attaches to the uterine wall (implantation).
Embryonic Stage: It is the three-eight weeks after conception, characterized by organogenesis. Systems and organs development become evident. Amniotic sac, placenta, and umbilical cord form part of the support system.
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Fetal Period: This is the nine weeks-birth period. Movement and other physiologic activities are advanced.
Question Two (Answer) . The characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include the following: Central nervous system abnormalities such as mental retardation, learning disabilities, and brain dysfunctions, physical and physiological disorders. Microcephaly, poor growth, low IQ, and attention deficit disorder are other manifest characteristics of FAS. Among the physical features are the facial characteristics: small and widely spaced eyes, thin upper lips, flat midface, epicanthal folds, short and upturn nose, underdeveloped jaw. No known amount of alcohol that is harmless to the fetus. Regular consumption or episodic, binge drinking during pregnancy can harm the developing baby, especially at the embryonic stage. Alcohol is considered a teratogen because it is harmful to human development resulting in congenital malformations.
Question Three (Answer) . A physician can know the drug amount by the patient’s request and indicators shown as the women’s labor period progresses. The patient might request pain medication.
Question Four (Answer) . The higher the Apgar score, the better the newborns' chances of survival. The Apgar score is eight according to the total. However, the indicated rating for color is zero suggesting a cyanotic newborn. This value is an indication of respiratory insufficiency. For the baby to have a heart rate score of one means that the rate is less than 100 beats per minutes, requiring care providers to offer immediate oxygenation. The grimace and irritability score is one instead of two. This figure means that the child is not crying but grimacing.
