1. Procedures that help organize or describe data collected from a sample or a population is called:
a. Descriptive statistics.
b. Analytical variables.
c. Inferential statistics.
d. Dependent variables.
e. Independent variables.
2. Researchers use the term __________ to refer to information that is obtained and verified by direct experience.
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a. Variable
b. Unit of analysis
c. Empirical
d. Theory
e. Inferential
3. A(n) __________ is a tentative prediction about how empirical events or attributes will be related or patterned.
a. Theory
b. Estimate
c. Law
d. Hypothesis
e. Variable.
4. Variables must include categories that are __________ and __________.
a. Nominal; Ordinal
b. Common; Empirically rational
c. Actual; Theoretical
d. Exhaustive; Mutually exclusive
e. Independent; Dependent
5. Which of the following variables is an example of an interval-ratio level of measurement?
a. Social class (upper class, middle class, lower class).
b. Gender (male, female).
c. Political party (republican, democrat, independent).
d. Age (18 years, 19 years, 20 years, etc.).
e. Language (english, spanish, french, other).
6. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the unit of analysis in the following hypothesis: People who have been arrested are less likely to recidivate.
IV = Arrest
DV = Recidivism
Unit of Analysis = People
7. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the unit of analysis in the following hypothesis: Prisons with circular architectural designs have fewer inmate-on-inmate assaults than prisons with non-circular architectural designs.
IV = Architectural designs
DV = Inmate assault
Unit of Analysis = Prisons
8. Identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and the unit of analysis in the following hypothesis: Police officers’ are more satisfied with their jobs the longer they have been in their jobs.
IV = Work experience
DV = Job satisfaction among police officers
Unit of Analysis = Police officers
9. The following table contains data from the 2012 National Crime Victimization Survey showing the number of victimization incidents and whether or not those crimes were reported to the police. The data are broken down by victim’s household income level. Use the table to do the following:
Number of NCVS Victimizations Reported to the Police, by Household Income (U.S. Department of Justice, 2012)
|
Victimization Reported |
|||
| Income | Yes | No | Total |
| $12,499 or less | 399 | 697 | 1,096 |
| $12,500-$24,999 | 393 | 840 | 1,233 |
| $25,000-$49,999 | 680 | 1,206 | 1,886 |
| $50,000 or more | 1,048 | 1,840 | 2,888 |
| Total | 2,520 | 4,583 | N = 7,103 |
Level of measurement for the variable income : Ordinal level
Level of measurement for the variable victimization reported : Nominal level
10. Bouffard and Piquero (2010) wanted to know whether arrested suspects’ perceptions of the way police treated them during the encounter affected the likelihood that those suspects would commit more crimes in the future. Their sample consisted of males who had been arrested at least once during their lives. They measured suspects’ perceptions of police behavior as fair or unfair. They measured recidivism as the number of times suspects came into contact with police after that initial arrest.
IV = Suspects’ perceptions of police behavior
Level of measurement of IV = Ordinal level
DV = Recidivism
Level of measurement of DV = Ratio level
Unit of analysis = Males who had been arrested.
