The independent variable is the treatment type, and it has four levels given that there are four experimental conditions, including the model, film, desensitization, and control. The dependent variable, which shows the effects of the different types of treatments, is the number of snake-approach responses.
The ANOVA results are illustrated below.
| SUMMARY | ||||
| Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance |
| model | 4 | 104 | 26 | 12 |
| film | 4 | 72 | 18 | 8.666667 |
| desensitization | 4 | 68 | 17 | 8.666667 |
| control | 4 | 40 | 10 | 10 |
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| ANOVA | ||||||
| Source of Variation | SS | df | MS | F | P-value | F crit |
| Between Groups | 515 | 3 | 171.6667 | 17.45763 | 0.000113 | 3.490295 |
| Within Groups | 118 | 12 | 9.833333 | |||
| Total | 633 | 15 |
The null hypothesis illustrates that the means of the four groups are similar and, in this case, there is no difference in the effectiveness of the treatment. The alternative statement, the opposite of the null statement, stipulates that not all means are equal and, in effect, there is a difference in the effectiveness of the treatments (Miller, 2017) . The p-value derived from the ANOVA test is 0.000113, which is lower than the usual significance level of 0.05. Resultantly, the null hypothesis is not accepted, and the alternative hypothesis is approved. Evidently, there is a difference in the effectiveness of the various treatments.
Given that there is a distinction in the effectiveness of the various treatments, it means that there is a treatment that is the most successful. The mean number of snake-approach responses for the model treatment is 26, the highest among all the treatment types. A high number of snake-approach responses means that the participants’ intense fear of snakes has been reduced significantly. The model treatment has the highest number of snake-approach responses meaning that it is the most successful among all the treatment methods used.
The comparison of the control group to the other treatment groups, including the model, film, and desensitization groups, can be made through t-tests. The t-tests are depicted below.
| control | desensitization | |
| Mean | 10 | 17 |
| Variance | 10 | 8.666666667 |
| Observations | 4 | 4 |
| Pooled Variance | 9.333333 | |
| Hypothesized Mean Difference | 0 | |
| Df | 6 | |
| t Stat | -3.24037 | |
| P(T<=t) one-tail | 0.008839 | |
| t Critical one-tail | 1.94318 | |
| P(T<=t) two-tail | 0.017679 | |
| t Critical two-tail | 2.446912 |
| control | film | |
| Mean | 10 | 18 |
| Variance | 10 | 8.666667 |
| Observations | 4 | 4 |
| Pooled Variance | 9.333333 | |
| Hypothesized Mean Difference | 0 | |
| Df | 6 | |
| t Stat | -3.70328 | |
| P(T<=t) one-tail | 0.005025 | |
| t Critical one-tail | 1.94318 | |
| P(T<=t) two-tail | 0.010049 | |
| t Critical two-tail | 2.446912 |
| control | model | |
| Mean | 10 | 26 |
| Variance | 10 | 12 |
| Observations | 4 | 4 |
| Pooled Variance | 11 | |
| Hypothesized Mean Difference | 0 | |
| Df | 6 | |
| t Stat | -6.82242 | |
| P(T<=t) one-tail | 0.000243 | |
| t Critical one-tail | 1.94318 | |
| P(T<=t) two-tail | 0.000487 | |
| t Critical two-tail | 2.446912 |
The p-values of control versus desensitization, control versus film, and control versus model are all below 0.05. In this respect, the control and desensitization, control and film, and control and model groups have less than five percent chance of being in the same population. Notably, the different treatments have different levels of impact on the participant’s number of snake-approach responses. The impact of the model treatment is greater than those of the desensitization and film treatments since the difference between two means is the greatest between the control and the model groups. The impact of the film treatment is more significant than that of the desensitization treatment since the difference in mean between the control and film groups is greater than that between the control and desensitization groups.
The results derived from the ANOVA and t-tests can assist an individual to live a biblically-focused life. The bible, specifically the book of Isaiah chapter 43, commands one not to have fear (Paul, 2012) . For the individual to follow this Christian view, they must not fear snakes. The results regarding the most successful treatment for addressing the phobia of snakes can assist the individual in living a biblically-focused life.
References
Miller, S. J. (2017). The probability lifesaver: All the tools you need to understand chance . Princeton University Press.
Paul, S. M. (2012). Isaiah 40-66: A commentary . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
