In the design for a correctional system, rehabilitation is chosen as the purpose of punishment. While punishment still remains the primary purpose of imprisonment across the country, the emphasis in the American penal policy depends on rehabilitative goals of imprisonment, especially when a prisoner approaches the end of his/her prison sentence (Rizzo, Sharkey & Powell, 2017) . Lately, some human rights activists have stated the need for affirmative obligation in order to ensure successful rehabilitation. According to these human rights activists, rehabilitation is one of the central goal in the correctional system, and also an essential factor that every American state should take into account during the development of penal policy. The goal of this purpose of punishment rests on the assumption that people can be rehabilitated, and they can as well get back to live a lifestyle that is crime free. In the first half of the 20 th century, rehabilitation was considered a central feature. However, the favorability of this program reduced in the 70s and 80s but later on regained favorability in the recent years.
According to the Arizona department of corrections, one of the major issues in this state is drug dealing (Markel, 2016) . The state of Arizona is one of the most beautiful places in America where one can live and raise a family. Through its desert setting, Arizona provides an excellent opportunity for one to enjoy a healthy living of sunny outdoors. The state’s statistics on drug use, however, paints a totally different picture. Although the state only accounts for 12 percent of American-Mexico border, it is estimated that slightly more than 40 percent of drugs coming from Mexico, entering the United States passes through the Arizona borders. Between 1990 and 2006, the number of heroin and cocaine-related hospitalization in Arizona tripled whereas that of meth increased more than 13 times. In 2014, the center for disease and prevention ranked the State of Arizona in the tenth place for deaths caused as a result of drug overdose. Recently, through strict laws, Arizona has cracked on drug abuse. In 2013, more than 4000 people in Arizona were arrested for drug-related crimes. This was almost a 99 percent increase compared to the arrest made in 2003.
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The design of prison system will focus on normalization to ensure that the prisoners live a normal life as much as possible. They need to have rooms and not the conventional cells and the prison staff need to knock before entering their rooms. The rooms will be designed to enable them interact with various aspects of information technology (IT). The prisoners can live in units of 6-12 individuals in a communal manner where they manage a given budget while making decisions on matters such as food together (Rizzo, Sharkey, & Powell, 2017) . The system will also be designed to encourage more frequent and meaningful visits from friends and relatives. This normalized existence tends to have a positive impact on the behavior of the drug offenders, improve their socialization and encourage their rehabilitation.
Establishment of good sight lines coupled with enhanced surveillance to prevent bullying and violence among the prisoners. The prison buildings will also be such that they facilitate their access to and view of nature. These have been found to encourage health and general wellbeing.
Collaboration with other agencies and third-party organizations that can help with the provision of specialized services related to specific drug problems that the prisoners could be facing. These include programs to target addiction and needle exchange problems among others. The prisons will be designed in such a way to give the inmates a sense of control over their immediate environment and future (Rizzo, Sharkey, & Powell, 2017) . This agency theory will be incorporated in aspects of prison design such as their responsibility to control the lighting in their cells among others.
The design of the prisons will also consider the ways to reduce frustration of the prisoners and potential violence. It will encourage them to engage in positive recreational activities and eliminate boredom that could lead to drug use and other illegal activities. There will be increased access to recreation services to vent out excess energy and tension. There will also be active and passive spaces to allow for both tranquility and contemplation as well as physical fitness (Merino, 2013) . These include gym and courts for ballgames and activities such as yoga.
Arizona has put in place a robust supervised probation and parole programs. They allow the offender to remain within the community while ensuring the safety of the community, rehabilitation of the offender and that the requirements of the criminal justice system are met. The time limits of probation are set depending on the nature of crime committed. There is a probation officer who monitors and assists the offender during the period (Rizzo, Sharkey, & Powell, 2017) . As a new initiative, I would increase the nature of assistance that are available to the drug offenders during the parole and probation periods.
Reference
Ogletree, C., & Sarat, A. (2012). Life without parole . New York: New York University Press.
Markel, H. (2016). Department of Corrections. The Milbank Quarterly , 94 (1), 5-12. doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.12172
Merino, N. (2013). Criminal Justice . Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press.
Rizzo, A., Sharkey, P., & Powell, W. (2017). Rehabilitation . Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
