Part A
Question 1
Initially, the focus of criminology was the male and their criminal activities. However, the effects and the effects of the female criminal activities did not receive attention despite numerous criminal acts previously. As a result, activists created feminist criminology to influence public opinions regarding the effects and the causes of female criminal activities. Since the start of feminist criminology, different approaches have been used to deal with female crimes in the criminal justice system. Different reforms in the criminal justice system have been seen in the recent past with a great focus on boosting the rights of the ‘minority’ and ‘weaker’ members of the society. There has been broadening of post-conviction limits, law enforcement limits, and the use of medical sentencing (Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016).
Feminist activists fought for the inclusions of women in various societal roles that were blatantly denied due to discrimination. This also covered fairness and equality in treatment by law just like men. This development considered the fact that women were likely to commit crimes just like their male counterparts. For this reason, the feminists wanted the redefinition of feminism to remedy the situations of the people of both sexes. The liberal feminist in the 1960s full emerged to push for equal right for men and the women. They fought against the discriminations of women and the elucidation of responsibilities of women. The role of the feminist is dynamic (Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016). Presently, their roles are to fight rights of the women, create opportunities for the women, and to change the role of women in public. Different theories have been put forth to explain feminism in the society. The most common theories include Marxist, communist, liberal, and radical theories.
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Ideally, women outpace the men in their tendency to commit a crime. After the formation of the feminist movement to fight discrimination of women, the number of women incarcerated in the United States has increased. The increase in the number of women who go through punitive measures for reforms confirms that are more likely to commit than the men are. Notably, women commit a different kind of crimes including drug offense that people least expected (Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016). The population pressure in the prisons is due to the likelihood of the women committing both the violent and drug crimes as opposed to the men. The creation of the feminist movement is essential in understanding why women have the highest probability to commit a crime.
Question 2
The introduction of feminist criminology has shade light on the criminal behavior of the women. Since the rise of the women's movement in the United States, there have been reforms in the criminal justice system to reduce the discriminations of women. The perpetrators of the theory desired to see women tried in courts and sentenced to prisons for rehabilitations just like their male counterparts (Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016). Since the 1960s, the focus on male and their criminal activities has reduced where women receive the same attentions too. Now, many women in the United States have tried in courts because of different kinds of crimes. Women have served in prison because of the criminal activities such drugs, violence, and theft. The philosophy has diverted the attentions of the researchers to the study of feminist criminology.
Considering the increasing in the number women in the prisons, women and men have a tendency to commit a crime. The trials in courts for the suspected women have led to the discovery the criminal behavior of women. It has brought fairness on the side of men have served in jails because of their criminal activities (Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016). Currently, the prisons accommodate both sexes and administer behavior reforms to the two categories. Ideally, the assumption that women were not likely to commit a crime was formed discrimination. Women with mental problems need help in the same way the male under rehabilitations in jail.
Part B
Question 1
A person is a victim when he/she is harmed, killed, and injured. Victimization is a painful process for a victim. The process of victimization is traumatizing because the victim undergoes torture because of the crime. Ideally, the manner in which a victim reacts to a crime is reflecting the actual cost of victimizations. The cost of victimization has three dimension covers the financial losses, physical injuries and the emotional stress. The sufferings of a criminal depend primarily on the severity of the crime. For example, the physical injuries take the forms of broken bones, cuts and bruises. The severity of the physical injuries determines the level of the emotional stress that the victim will under during the painful moment. Emotional stress takes the form of the lack of sleep, fatigue and the changes in the appetite (Bergelson, 2009). The victim feels insecure and feels a tremendous decline in the level of sleep. There are always some changes in psychology setting of a victim.
Ideally, the financial loss after victimization is common because of the injuries and inability of the victim to work. The loss of finance results from the loopholes such as destruction of properties at the time of crimes. Victimization process could be severe and cause destructions of properties. The injuries that the victim sustains after the victimization process cause the loss of productivity (Boyes-Watson, 2013). Ideally, the decline in productivity after the victimization causes decreases financial stabilities. Besides, a victim that sustains the injuries because of victimization has to incur resource in the process of getting treatments. It is also costly to repair damages that result from the victimizations. For example, if the criminal lead to destructions of a car, the victim will incur additional resource to repair the car.
Question 2
The theories of victimization are the product of paradigms shift in the criminal justice. Ideally, the theories advocate for the considerations of both the criminal and the victim in criminology. The exiting theories help in explaining the process of victimization and the causes. The theory of victim precipitation is appropriate in understanding this scenario. In this case, the victim initiates the crime that eventually leads to injuries and deaths in some cases. Ideally, the victim can be either active or passive in the process of precipitations. In a situation where the victim is actively involved in the provocations, a criminological term that had better describe the behavior is active precipitations (Boyes-Watson, 2013). In this case, the victim is fully aware and acts in a manner that provokes the crime. An example of provocations involves the use of threats and other forms of fighting words to initiate the attack.
The courts should and must consider the role of the victim during the time of a crime. For example, in an instance of a rape case, the investigation regarding the incident should consider the characteristics of the victim that may have to contribute to the rape. In the situations of passive precipitations, the victim had characteristics that contributed to the crime but did not have an idea. Such provocative experiences may take the form of love interest, job, and other desirable commodities. Ideally, promotions in the job place may become the source of victimizations (Bergelson, 2009). Women may receive promotions and the people around her may not be happy about it and provokes them to criminal activity. Notably, the theory is the most accurate because it examines the situation of the crime, the criminal, and the victim. In this case, the administration of justice will help solve the cause of victimization effectively.
References
Bergelson, V. (2009). Victims' Rights and Victims' Wrongs: Comparative Liability in Criminal Law . New York: Stanford University Press
Boyes-Watson, C. (2013). Crime and Justice: Learning through Cases . New York Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
Downes, D., Rock, P. & McLaughlin, E. (2016). Understanding Deviance: A Guide to the Sociology of Crime and Rule-Breaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press
