Borski, J., and Harold. (1995). Social disorganization theory: influence of society and environment to crime: New York: Lexington.
The two researchers use data from the Lexington library to determine how the environment people live in can influence their behaviors. It means that the social organization theory focuses on the effect of society towards crime. When a society or the people in it do not hold moral values, the rise in criminal behavior is bound to increase. When children live in a neighborhood that does not any rules related to religion, and good morals. Therefore, there is a very high possibility that children will likely grow with no sense of responsibility or accountability. When people are not accountable for their actions, then they are likely to engage in criminal activity. The lifestyle that people adopt in urban areas creates a form of competition. Most of the people want to own beautiful clothes, cars, go to nice hotels and if they do not have money for that the likely hood of being involved in criminal activity is very high because most of them want to live an expensive life and not work hard for it. Alternatively, this is why drug loads chose such neighborhoods to recruit people to sell their drugs.
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Korn, Ruth. (1978). Social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models . Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
The Chicago University Press publishes the book by Ruth; the information from the university is used to describe the reformulation of the communal association as a regulator theory, terminating the traditional methodology to public self-regulation. Ruth continues to say that a principle in the current world is ubiquitously at bay. However, in the records of crime philosophy, it blossoms with potency. Ruth claims that the central struggle in dealing with crime is that none of the philosophers have been able to consistently differentiate between principles and culture from communal arrangements or communal organization. Consequently determining what philosophy turns into an inferential implementation in which noticeable conduct is accredited to morals that are educated in the philosophy which recommends individual behavior.
Robert J., and Lydia B. (2006). Cultural mechanisms and killing fields. A revised theory of community-level racial inequality. In The many colors of crime . New York: New York Univ. Press.
Robert and Lydia are renowned writers whose book was published in the New York University; the book is used to describe the many phases of crime. In the book things like culture, and race is commonly considered as fundamental consolidating values in why, in what way, where and through whom delinquencies are devoted and imposed. The contributors in this book maintain that, magnitudes of culture and race condition the very rules that brand certain actions illegal. The insights of misconduct and those who are interdicted, and the resolve of who is branded an object of criminality and under what conditions, the answers to rules and misconduct that make some actions to be determined as illegal, and the manner in which people and societies are located and sanctioned to react to delinquency.
Byron G. (2000). Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology
Bryon’s article is based on the contemporary criminological theory. Bryon uses a communal level philosophy to create a model to formulate and test this theory. The common assumption is that poverty, cultural heterogeneity, residential flexibility, separation or divorces lead to public communal inefficiency that in turn results in high rates crimes and misbehavior. The way a community responds to the formation of gangs or how effectively they reduce teenage idling in the streets is used to measure the prevalence of crime. The survey is done in both low-income neighborhoods and high-income neighborhoods. The results found are a clear indication that social disorganization is a clear effect of public organizational appearances on rates of both illegal offending and unlawful persecution.
Shaw, R., & McKay, D. (2005). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas . Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Shaw and McKay are renowned book writers whose work has been recognized in the sociology fields. Their work in social disorganization is seen from this article; they focus on how an urban area setting influences the prevalence of crime. In urban areas, there is a lot of pressure to live up to certain standards especially among the young people this reason why most of them are tempted to get involved in illegal activities to earn quick money. When there is population heterogeneity, it’s hard to control people’s behavior because children from different races conform to different ideologies. In this case, one community will condone some behaviors while other do not mind. It means that parents teach their children that some actions are wrong but when they interact with others, they find out they are not wrong. That mixture confuses children and they are left vulnerable and can be easily influenced to engage in criminal activities.
Sutherland, E. (1947). Principles of criminology , Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott.
Sutherland is a very famous writer because of his book which is termed as the most powerful book in the criminology field. Sutherland wrote about the differential association in his book which claims that delinquency is brought by a clash of behavior that comes from diverse cultures. It can be developed through interaction with several people from different cultures; this means that differential communal association is described as the international level setting in which descriptions are encouraging and disapproving to cultivate misconduct through personal connections and learning. Sutherland also says that a person turns out to be a criminal because of an excess of definitions supporting defilement of the rules over descriptions opposed to defilement of by-laws.
Suttles, Geraldo. (1968). The social order of the slum . Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Suttles wrote the book based on his experience in the hull house neighborhood. He resided in that area for more than two years. The area he lived in consisted of people from different races; there were Mexicans, Italians, Puerto Ricans and African Americans. According to Suttles, the people who live in slums have a set of ideals for conduct that take superiority, over the more broadly apprehended moral values of the conventional culture. These models come from the accurate understanding of each neighborhood, are unusual to it, and largely govern how the locality people behave. That according to Suttles is among the tasks of urban sociology. It also means that urbanization contributes to social disorganization.
Quetelet, A. (1984). Adolphe Quetelet's Research on the propensity for crime at different ages . Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Pub. Co.
Adolf Quiet based his book on the study he did through visiting several places and neighborhoods. His research revealed that there are some areas where crime is more likely to occur regardless of the age, race or ethnic groups of the population. That means that some regions are more prone to crime because of its geographical location and it has nothing to with the residents. This article also reveals that sometimes people are pushed to commit crimes by their selfish desires, and it always had nothing to do with the environment they live in or the group of people they surround themselves. Places like slums are prone to crime regardless of the residents.
Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1969). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas: A study of rates of delinquency in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
The article is based on research done in several localities to determine the onset of crime in a particular area. In some neighborhoods, the community plays a significant role in helping to reduce or increase the crime rate. The residents of a particular help curb crime through working together to form vigilante groups that hunt down criminals or help collect information regarding an individual crime. Working together with law enforcers is always the best way to deal with criminals. In other areas, the community helps hide crimes, and that is where crime grows, and no law enforcer can get clues to address the menace. In the rural areas, it’s hard to get away with crime because, in most regions, everyone knows their neighbor, which is different in the city because everyone seems to be busy to notice who lives next door, and when a crime is committed, it’s hard to gather intelligence.
Valier, C (2002). Theories of crime and punishment . New York: Longman.
Valeir did research before writing this article to find the truth behind the fact that social disorganization is as a result of crimes committed because the community failed to stop the criminals. Crime cannot grow in a community where everyone is ready to fight it; the only way crime increases is when community members are not keen on what is happening in their surroundings. Drug dealing is illegal, yet there are very many people who sell drugs in the streets and other places. Some of these crimes take place in the open areas, and some law enforcers are aware yet the still the criminals go free. If law enforcers worked hard on catching criminals without thinking of what they could gain from them, then our society would be free of crime and criminals. Social disorganization focuses on the notion that people will commit crimes because the community has failed to stop them from doing so.
i. It’s not in every situation that social disorganization will cause crimes. Crimes can be committed from a personal point of view even when the community forbids criminal activity.
ii. Many factors cause crime and social disorganization is just one of them.
References
Borski, J., and Harold. (1995). Social disorganization theory: influence of society and environment to crime . New York: Lexington.
Korn, Ruth. (1978). Social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models . Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Robert J., and Lydia B. (2006). Cultural mechanisms and killing fields. A revised theory of community-level racial inequality. In The many colors of crime . New York: New York Univ. Press.
Byron G. (2000). Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology
Shaw, R., & McKay, D. (2005). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas . Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Sutherland, E. (1947). Principles of criminology . Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott.
Suttles, Geraldo. (1968). The social order of the slum . Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Quetelet, A. (1984). Adolphe Quetelet's Research on the propensity for crime at different ages . Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Pub. Co.
Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1969). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas: A study of rates of delinquency in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Valier, C (2002). Theories of crime and punishment . New York: Longman.
