Part 1
Foreign Intelligence Communications
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) is the primary standard governing the interception of foreign intelligence communications regarding the USA. Consequently, only foreigners’ conversations outside of the USA need monitoring to identify acts of collusion with some American citizens (Lee, Perlin, & Schottenfeld, 2019). Thus, it would be far-fetched to accuse congressman Hoffmann of being a foreign country agent as there is minimal probable cause. The fact arises as there has been no mention of the inputs of foreigners in this whole matter.
The actions of the FBI are triggered by various circumstances which cannot be admissible as evidence according to the amendment (Purce, 2018). First, the high-profile models have loose ties to some foreign countries. Secondly, the choice to buy properties and settle in Eastern Europe should not be misread for working with foreign countries. Third, the report from a rival individual in the political arena is outright malice and witch-hunt unless there is some other evidence to prove the statements. Fourth, talking about building beneficial foreign policies with Russia is a matter of national security and prosperity and not an act of betrayal. Therefore, the targeting of Congressman Hoffmann is not merited and do not fall within the stipulations of the Foreign Intelligence surveillance act (FISA).
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The USA will be committing an offense by falling back on the 702 segment of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Amendments Act (FAA) of 2008 which was amended on December 31, 2017. As it stands with the current situation, the FBI can only claim to have sufficient evidence on Hoffman if they intercepted his communications (Lee, Perlin, & Schottenfeld, 2019). This situation arises as there has been no prior mention of activities, or communications of any foreigners involved in the matter. Therefore, such an approach by the FBI violates the Fourth Amendment and should not stand before any court of law.
The FBI needs to consider the facts of the case again by examining the dictates of the FISA. First, they must determine the probable cause which will stem from the communication between foreigners without the American citizen being involved (Purce, 2018). Therefore, the strength of the case would not be determined by intercepted communications of an American citizen- Hoffman. Secondly, the situation should not be mixed with a person’s interests as that would violate the fourth amendment. Therefore, choices about where one lives, who they decide to love and the people they interact with during private functions should not be a focus of scrutiny.
Part 2
Hazards Management
Federal spending is better used in first responder preparedness that on research and development to determine best emergency management solutions. All- hazards first response play the crucial role of ensuring that as many lives as possible are saved during all types of disasters. The group provides food, communication, transportation, and medication are availed to the affected populations (Rouhi, Gorji, & Maleki, 2019). On the other hand, research and development regarding hazards aim at ensuring that the responders use quick, cost-effective, and skillful practices to reduce the harm caused by disasters ( Penta, Marlowe, Gill, & Kendra, 2017 ). The definition of the different outcomes of the two processes is a clear indication that research and development can be done within the realms of first responder preparedness.
As of 2019, there were 60,000 different agencies across the county in the first responder community. The various groups were well trained in responding to disasters of multiple kinds. Currently, the groups are undergoing a technology development cycle which will ensure that they involve innovative solutions to solve operational challenges (Rouhi, Gorji, & Maleki, 2019). This situation is the right approach to be prepared for hazards as the responders will have a firsthand experience of what goes on around the field. Consequently, it will be easy for them to offer useful information during the research and development sessions to come up with better practices (Penta et al., 2017). Therefore, the all-hazard responders’ preparedness is the crux of disaster management and should receive more funding.
References
Lee, D., Perlin, P., & Schottenfeld, J. (2019). Gathering Intelligence: Drifting Meaning and the Modern Surveillance Apparatus. Journal of National Security Law & Policy . https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3332546
Penta, S., Marlowe, V. G., Gill, K., & Kendra, J. (2017). Of Earthquakes and Epidemics: Examining the Applicability of the All ‐ Hazards Approach in Public Health Emergencies. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy , 8 (1), 48-67.
Purce, J. (2018). Push It to the (Constitutional) Limit: Strengthening the National Security Agency’s Section 702 Surveillance Program. ADMIN. L. REV. , 70 (3) , 745.
Rouhi, N., Gorji, H. A., & Maleki, M. (2019). Nongovernmental organizations coordination models in natural hazards: A systematic review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion , 8 (1), 44.
