Factors Affecting Transportation Costs
Transportation costs are affected by factors such as cost of fuel, freight demand, and government regulation. According to Donald et al., (2014), cost of fuel is positively correlated with cost of transport; as fuel prices rise, cost of transportation also increases, and vice versa. Expenses on fuel during fuel price inflations is always passed to customers by carriers. Forces of demand also affects cost of freight in the sense that if demand for transport is high withholding other market factors constant, cost of transportation would increase, and vice versa (Litman, 2017). For instance, during festive seasons, many people travel, hence demand for transportation services increases tremendously; this explains the high taxi fare prices during holidays such as Christmas. Government regulations monitoring transport also play a significant role freight cost; laws on fuel emissions in some countries charge a given fee for a thousand kilometers covered by a carrier. Therefore, additional cost is transferred to the final consumers of transportation services.
Visual Impact Assessment
Visual impact refers to effects that arise from changes in the views of the landscape as a result of the project. Power (2016) noted that aesthetics refers to all visual resources, which are components that build a particular landscape. Human beings are always attracted to landscapes that impress them. There are several reasons that make VIA important depending on desired outcome by an individual. Dupont et al., (2016) explained that a family may want a landscape with beautiful scenery and away from noise, tourists may want an environment with wild animals and natural sceneries, while miners may prefer a landscape that will be convenient for construction. Therefore, VIA indicates that developments may be achieved but at the expense of environmental beauty.
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References
Donald, I. J., Cooper, S. R., & Conchie, S. M. (2014). An extended theory of planned behaviour model of the psychological factors affecting commuters' transport mode use. Journal of environmental psychology , 40 , 39-48.
Dupont, L., Ooms, K., Antrop, M., & Van Eetvelde, V. (2016). Comparing saliency maps and eye-tracking focus maps: The potential use in visual impact assessment based on landscape photographs. Landscape and Urban Planning , 148 , 17-26.
Litman, T. (2017). Understanding transport demands and elasticities . Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Power, A. W. (2016). VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT.
