Write a sentence for each of the findings listed on the table in Question 1.
1.
Answers:
Baseline test was found to have significantly lower score when compared with self-esteem
Baseline test was found to have significantly lower score when compared with Hope
Baseline test was found to have significantly lower score when compared with Social support
Baseline test was found to have significantly lower score when compared with Self-efficacy (function)
Baseline test was found to have significantly lower score when compared with Self-efficacy (control)
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2.
Adolescent Health Promotion (AHP)
Which variable does not have a significant p-value? State the t-test value and p-value. Also state the mean scores for the boys and girls.
Nutrition behavior is the variable that does not have a significant p-value, . The mean for boys and girls are: and respectively.
In the table above look at the mean scores for boys and girls for each variable. Calculate the difference in mean score for each variable using simple subtraction to answer question a) below.
Which variable (excluding the total AHP score) showed the greatest difference in mean score between the girls and boys?
|
Variables |
Boy (M) |
Girls(M) |
Difference |
|
Nutrition behavior |
22.1 |
22 |
-0.1 |
|
Social support |
24.5 |
27.3 |
2.8 |
|
Health responsibility |
24.7 |
26.2 |
1.5 |
|
Life appreciation |
28.2 |
29.7 |
1.5 |
|
Exercise behavior |
16.3 |
15.1 |
-1.2 |
|
Stress management |
21.6 |
22.4 |
0.8 |
The variable Social support has the greatest difference score, a score difference of 2.8
Which group scored significantly higher?
The group that scored significantly higher is the exercise behavior which has a p-value of p<0.001 and t-test of 3.6.
Write a sentence to report the findings using the examples on page 1. Report the t-test value and p-value.
3. What is the level of measurement (level of data) needed to use an Independent t-Test?
The level of measurement should be interval or ratio data. This simply means that the data is in a continuous scale.
4. How many groups of participants are appropriate when using an Independent t-test?
There should be two categorical groups which should be independent.
5. What is the level of measurement (level of data) needed to use a Paired t-Test?
The level of measurement should be interval or ratio data. This simply means that the data is in a continuous scale.
6. How many groups of participants are appropriate when using a Paired t-test?
There should be one categorical group with data measured at two different times.
7. How many groups of participants are appropriate when using ANOVA?
There should be two or more than two independent groups.
8. What is purpose of an ANOVA?
ANOVA is used to compare the means of the independent groups.
9. What is the purpose of the post-hoc test used with an ANOVA? Name of the test.
The purpose of post-hoc test is to run to confirm where the differences occurred between the groups when there is an overall statistically significant difference in group means.
The post hoc test to use is Turkey’s HSD test.
10. Provide a comprehensive description of what you have learned about the independent t-Test, paired t-test and ANOVA.
For independent t-test, paired t-test and ANOVA, you need to identify the level of measurement of data and the number of categorical groups to use. For the independent t-test, you should have a dependent variable that is measured in continuous scale, that is either interval or ratio level and independent variable that has two categorical independent groups. For instance, gender (male or female), employment status (employed or unemployed). For a paired t-test, the data should have one categorical variable but measured at two different times. The level of measurement of data should be in a continuous scale with either interval or ratio levels. For ANOVA, you need 2 or more independent groups. If the result from ANOVA for the overall different in means is significant for the means, a post hoc test (Turkey’s HSD test) should be conducted.
11. Describe a study in detail that you could conduct using an Independent t-Test or Paired t- Test?
A study I would perform is assessing the performance of boys and girls in a Business Administration Course. The data to be used is the score obtained in the end of semester exam. The two grouping variables is of boys and girls while the data is the score obtained which is in a continuous level. Thus I will conduct an independent t-test. Other assumptions to check in conducting an independent t-test apart from having the dependent and independent variables; the observations should have independence, that is, there is no relationship between the observation sin each group or between the groups. The data used should not have significant outliers, there should also be the homogeneity of variances. The last assumption to asses is the normal distribution of the dependent variable for each group.
Reference
Pandis, N. (2015). Comparison of 2 means for matched observations (paired t test) and t test assumptions. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics , 148 (3), 515-516.
Sheng, Y. (2008). Testing the assumptions of analysis of variance. Best practices in quantitative methods , 324-341.
