The program is a research study conducted to examine the relationship between the parenting style and the development of delinquency in male adolescents within a community setting. The study aims to find out whether parenting style has an impact on delinquency. Parenting has been recognized as an essential part of childhood and plays a crucial role in how they develop into adults ( Hoeve et al., 2009) . In most cases, a child's development starts at home from parenting style and how they relate with their guardians. It is the family that constitutes the backbone of any human being by influencing their behaviour through positive or negative reinforcement.
Most of youth deviance and delinquency are related to parenting styles; and whether a parent was around to guide a child in the right direction. Delinquents and non-delinquents exhibit differences in the parenting dimensions, which influence their development. The authoritative parenting style appears to help a child grow in the right direction compared to authoritarian or other types ( Hoeve et al., 2009) . At the same time, the presence of a parent during their growth and development helps to influence them in the right direction. Several studies have documented how family and parenting style plays a role in the growth of adolescent delinquent behaviour through inappropriate reinforcement practice. The studies have emphasized the importance of parent-child relationship in reducing the likeliness of deviance and delinquency
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The purpose of this study is to provide a rationale for misconduct among young people; while trying to understand how parenting contributes to this phenomenon. It gives a life path of how a child develops into a delinquent, including the development patterns due to poor parenting. The study into poor parenting and delinquency is necessary since delinquency, child crimes, and street gangs have become a social problem that is difficult to handle ( Hoeve et al., 2009) . The solution to this problem is to establish a theory, understand the background, and examine the development patterns of a child becoming a delinquent from their perspective.
The expected results for this program are that poor parenting leads to delinquency in children because they lack a foundation of good behaviour. Secondly, the expected findings are that children become delinquent based on the parenting style and relationship they have with their parents. The mental development of a child in their adolescence becomes negatively impacted when they lack parental love and direction, which forces them to join street gangs and identify with like-minded individuals. Therefore, reckless behaviour in children is reflective on the parenting style and influence of family members in their adolescence developmental stage
Study Design
This is a qualitative study design used to answer the research question on poor parenting and delinquency. It is based on the scope of data collection and analysis to provide non-numerical data and interpret meaning from its findings. The study design is a case-control study examining two types of groups: delinquents and non-delinquents to understand the associated parenting style ( Starks & Brown Trinidad, S2007) . This method allows the researcher to collect multiple data from participants and make comparisons that help in interpretation.
A phenomenology approach is the strategy of inquiry that is used in conducting the study to answer the research question. This is a strategy that focuses on understanding the experience of participants in the research question ( Starks & Brown Trinidad, S2007) . The participant perspectives on the issue are then used to provide an insight into the problem. The qualitative research method is also an exploratory process that seeks to understand the underlying relationship between phenomena. It allows getting an insight into the problem and developing a hypothesis.
Research Question
The hypothesis for this data is that the permissive parenting style that entails absent parents is highly correlated with a high tendency of delinquency in children. The study is also hypothesized that the right parenting style that includes authoritative parenting correlates with low levels of misconduct. In essence, the hypothesis is that a good relationship between parents and their children in the early years reduces the chances of a child becoming delinquent
The research question for this qualitative study is: Does a lack of parenting influence the development of deviance and delinquency in children? Another research question for the study is: Does the parenting style used in a child's development years influence their personality and delinquency behaviour?
Variables
This study has two types of variables, an independent and a dependent variable. The parenting style and relationship with children form an independent variable in this study. The parenting styles vary from one parent to another, with each method having an impact on how a person develops into an adult. This will involve the relationship that a parent has with a child, the monitoring, communication, and bonding they have with each other. The independent variable helps the researcher to indicate how a parent responds to the needs of their child. They also help measure the relationship that parents have with their children to determine whether it contributes to delinquency. Participants are required to respond to the parental bonding instrument.
On the other hand, the dependent variable in this study is the delinquent behaviour as reported by participants. The delinquency of youths is measured using a delinquency index. The delinquency index includes the behaviour and habit of participants and how they identify with specific practices. Participants are required to respond to the behaviour deviance scale to understand their actions
Participants
The data is collected from two groups of participants who agree to take part in the survey. The first group consists of 100 delinquent boys residing in the remand home or street gangs with little academic efficiencies. The second group comprises of adolescents selected from grades 6 to 9 of various schools in the area
Participants respond to each item on the survey from their experiences and parenting styles. It includes whether their parents are loving and present or absent in their lives. Participants in this study are teenagers and young adults within a community area that are willing to provide information on the research problem. The research population comprises all young male members in the cosmopolitan city of all races and nations of origin.
The sample population comprises of 200 people, 100 identifying as delinquents and 100 who identify as non-delinquent between 11 and 18 years. The delinquents consist of street gangs in the area who live most of their lives on the streets. On the other hand, the non-delinquents comprise of students attending high school and who do not identify with delinquency or crime. Their differences are based on whether they have family support or have a good relationship with their parents.
The sampling technique for this study is a convenient sampling style when selecting non-delinquent research participants. The goal is to have at least 100 participants who are non-delinquent and 100 others who identify as delinquents based on their different behaviours and habits. The research location is, therefore, the local community in a section where a majority of young people are found. This can be a school setting, college premise or any other viable location
Data Collection
Focus group interviews are used as data collection methods to gather information on the research question. They will entail asking participants to provide their opinion, experience, and perspectives regarding the relationship between parenting and delinquency ( Rabiee, 2004) . The interviews are collected with delinquents and non-delinquents to understand the differences in parenting styles between the two groups. The method of data collection involves face-to-face qualitative meetings with the two group members, who answer how the relationship with parents affects their conduct and behaviour. The researcher conducts an interview that lasts about two hours each to collect response from each participant,
Validated questionnaires are used in data collection by distributing them to participants in their natural area of residence. The survey contains open-ended questions such as the relationship that children have with their parents, how well they relate with them, and how they were raised when they were children ( Rabiee, 2004) . The answers provide an insight into parenting style and the parent-child relationship. Questionnaires are also used in data collection as an alternative method for interviews and surveys. A parental authority questionnaire is used to assess the parenting style as the independent variable while a self-reported delinquency survey is used to determine the levels of delinquency in participants
Online reviews will also be used in data collection that targets participants who find interviews inconvenient. The online survey, therefore, looks for the convenience of participants who are not accessible through physical means. Participants for the online study are asked to fill out the questionnaire over the internet if they cannot be reached physically. Standard awareness surveys and questionnaires are used to assess the knowledge of children regarding their experiences with parents and how they influenced their behaviour.
Participants are required to fill in their demographic information such as age, ethnicity, race, and what they currently do, which can be going to school or living on the streets. The web-based survey will include a form for informed consent, allowing every participant to provide their consent by signing a form.
Data Analysis Methods
The data analysis method is done using the constant comparative method and coding of the oral data. The interview data is transcribed from oral to written text that allows for identifying themes. At the same time, data from the surveys are analyzed using correlational and multivariate procedures. The research compares and contrasts answers between a delinquent group and non-delinquent group regarding their parenting style and how it contributed to their behaviour. A one-way ANOVA instrument is conducted by keeping the parenting style as an independent variable and delinquent as a dependent variable
Ethical Consideration
This study looks to maintain the ethical issues of research during data collection and analysis of the collected data. Ethical considerations for this study comprises of informed consent from all participants taking part in the survey. The study includes obtaining the full permission of the participant before participating in the study ( Walker, 2007) . This means all participants agree to participate in the research and are willing to provide their information on the research problem. The research minimizes ethical issues by consulting with authoritative bodies before starting the study, such as school administrators and managers of home remand where some delinquents are located.
Other ethical considerations include respecting the privacy of participants, which means no private data is revealed to unauthorized people. The study also puts into account ethical issues of anonymity, confidentiality, and respect of participants' autonomy. It focuses on ensuring it protects the privacy of research participants while maintaining enough confidentiality ( Walker, 2007) .
It also considers ethical issues by ensuring the study is conducted within the framework of its objective without exaggerating or deceiving participants to engage in the research. This means the researcher is honest and transparent in communicating information relating to the aim of the study. At the same time, validity is facilitated by determining whether the collected data is presented without bias ( Leung, 2015) . The researcher informs all participants on why they are conducting the study and explains that they are free to walk out of the survey amidst data collection of they change their consent.
Efficacy of the Program
The validity of this program is determined by whether the information can be generalized to the entire population. This study is looking for generalized information on the research topic to understand the underlying causes of delinquency and deviant behaviour from juveniles. The validation is also facilitated by determining the accuracy of the interview answers ( Leung, 2015) . In this study, participants are chosen if they are willing to share information on the research question and problem, which highlights the strengths of the study. This means they are ready to give accurate data from the best of their knowledge on the research question.
The study also considers the state of the sample population when responding to the survey. Delinquent and non-delinquent groups ate identified based on the area of study because of a lack of consistent definition regarding delinquents by previous researches. The data collection methods are also crucial in ensuring the validity and efficacy of information ( Leung, 2015) . The questionnaires and interview questions undergo a useful peer review measure before presenting them to participants to ensure they are neutral, impartial, and follow the correct wording order.
Since the study is measuring the opinion of teenagers regarding parenting and delinquency, the validation is determined based on the accuracy of answers given in the interviews and surveys. Furthermore, the validity of information from this study is dependent on the level of the researcher's imposition and whether the interview imposes participants to answer in a particular direction ( Leung, 2015) . The focus is to allow participants to provide full information without being imposed or missing out any critical data.
The Limitations
Potential limitations for this study is that it focuses on male delinquent to try and generalize with girls. The focus on male delinquents is because it is challenging to find under-age girls willingly engaging in delinquency. This means it can be challenging to make generalizations to the whole population when the research is conducted on male participants only ( Fitzpatrick, Sanders & Worthen, 2004) . Another limitation is in the wording of questionnaires and interviews that determines how participants respond to the questions. The reply on surveys depends on how well a responded read and understood the issue and how well they interpreted them. Concerns can also be raised regarding the truthfulness of the information provided in the online surveys.
References
Fitzpatrick, J. L., Sanders, J. R., & Worthen, B. R. (2004). Program evaluation: Alternative approaches and practical guidelines.
Hoeve, M., Dubas, J. S., Eichelsheim, V. I., Van der Laan, P. H., Smeenk, W., & Gerris, J. R. (2009). The relationship between parenting and delinquency: A meta-analysis. Journal of abnormal child psychology , 37 (6), 749-775.
Leung, L. (2015). Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research. Journal of family medicine and primary care , 4 (3), 324.
Rabiee, F. (2004). Focus-group interview and data analysis. Proceedings of the nutrition society , 63 (4), 655-660.
Starks, H., & Brown, Trinidad, S. (2007). Choose your method: A comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Qualitative health research , 17 (10), 1372-1380.
Walker, W. (2007). Ethical considerations in phenomenological research. Nurse researcher , 14 (3).
