The aviation industry concerns not only organizations involved in air travel and flights but also other associated businesses. Consequently, a number of bodies, government agencies and laws govern the industry. In the US, aviation regulation is mainly a federal function with most states relying directly on Federal case laws. Consequently, the Federal government has created a number of agencies and rules to govern operations in the aviation industry and associated businesses.
Federal aviation regulations in the US are found under Title 14 of the code of federal regulations. The variety of regulations in this code include all aspects of the industry, including airlines, airspace, air traffic, equipment and pilots. The code also covers pilot training, hot air balloons activities, man-made heights, obstruction lighting and marking, operation of model rockets and aircraft services, drone and kite flying and others that ensure safety (Roberts, 2016) . The law also states the responsibilities of different organization and agencies in the industry.
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Code 14 regulations are enforced by different bodies as stipulated in the law. These include government agencies such as the FAA and the for-profit businesses around the industry. The responsibilities of each of these organizations are provided against standards and legal compliance measures. The Federal law also provides for the creation of state-level organizations to ensure proper management of resources (Roberts, 2016) . All the laws are available to members of the public and other individuals with the need for development. The industry is hence tightly controlled by regulations at the Federal level, which goes down to states.
A number of aviation regulatory agencies are mandated with the role of oversight in the aviation industry. These include agencies that ensure the safety of aircraft to those that supervise the production. The agencies in the US that provide secure air transportation are managed either directly or indirectly by the Federal Executive with oversight of Congress (Griffin, 2018) . Apart from government agencies, there are industrial organizations that also regulate the development of the aviation industry in the US.
The US Department of Transport is the frontline government agency involved in the regulation of the aviation industry. Established in 1966, the department controls the development and function of all transportation means in the US through different administrations (Griffin, 2018) . Each of this administration either presents a function or a particular transportation mode such as railway, roads, and pipelines, among others. Several agencies under the DOT are involved in the regulation of the aviation industry in the US (Griffin, 2018) . These include those involved in the safety of airports, airspaces and aeroplanes including the FAA, TSA and NTSB; consumer protection; and environmental impact of aircraft operations.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is the leading DOT agency that concerns itself with aviation. With the power to regulate all aspects of civil aviation in the US and surrounding waters, the FAA is responsible for the construction and operation of airports. The FAA regulates US commercial air transportation and ensures the meeting or flight inspection standards and air navigation facilities (Griffin, 2018) . The agencies are also responsible for the development of civil aeronautics and new aviation technology. FAA has the authority of issuing and revoking pilot certificates in case of misconduct.
The FAA is divided into four business lines including ARP for airports, Air Traffic Organization, Aviation Safety, and Commercial Space Transportation concerned with US space vehicle and asset protection. The FAA provides a wide variety of services based on the activities by these four operation units (Akay et al., 2017) . In general, it ensures the proper functioning of organizations, personnel and other parties involved in the aviation industry. The FAA is the primary enforcer of most aviation laws regulations in the US.
The US Department of Homeland Security also has the responsibility in aviation through the Transport Security Administration (TSA). The TSA has the responsibility of ensuring the security of public travelling by the use of air in the US. Created in response to the September 11 attacks, TSA has screening officers in airports, explosive specialists and dog handlers who assist in the identification and elimination of dangers to travelling passengers in aviation. Airlines are expected to develop relationships with the TSA to ensure the safety of passengers and cargo in their daily operations.
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is another vital organization in the aviation industry. This agency is independent of executive departments. The NTSB's primary responsibility is in the investigation of aviation accidents. It ensures the safety of passengers and cargo in cases of emergency and holds airlines and other organizations involved responsible in cases of accidents and other disasters in the air.
In the line of consumer safety, the Aviation Consumer Protection is the main body. The operations of the organization mainly revolve around reviewing and responding to concerns and complaints of aviation customers and promoting awareness of consumer rights and responsibilities. The body ensures that the safety of the customer is guaranteed by organizations participating in the aviation industries (Akay et al., 2017) . The agency has a set of standards that airlines must meet in terms of customer security.
The last government body involved in the regulation of the aviation industry and organizations is the Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA works in monitoring and reviewing the environmental impact of aircraft operations in the US. The agency regulates greenhouse gas emission from aircraft by detailing the engineering requirements in aircraft that would reduce release (Dodd, Orlitzky & Nelson, 2018) . The EPA has regulation standards and requirements for allowable greenhouse thresholds to be released by aircraft. This body ensures a reduction in the impacts of aviation activities on the environment.
The primary organization that works to regulate the aviation industry in the US that is not a government agency is the Airlines for America (A4A). Formerly known as the Air Transport Association of America (ATA), the A4A is an American trade association with a representation of most airlines in North America (Kar et al., 2019) . The mission of the A4A is the fostering of business and regulation environment in the aviation industry through the provision of safe and secure air transport. The organization aims at ensuring economic and growth of the American aviation organizations in both the local and global arena.
Since its establishment in 1963, the A4A has been critical in the decision making processes by the government in aviation, including the conception of the Civil Aeronautics Board and air traffic control system. A4A acts as an advocate for member organizations to US congress, US Department of Transportation, state legislatures and other government agencies (Kar et al., 2019) . The A4A has priorities in the maximization of airline profits, reduction of industrial carbon emissions, decrease in airline taxes, reformation of energy commodity markets and modernization of air traffic control. Through the organization, American airline organizations keep themselves at check independent of the government.
In conclusion, the regulatory environment in the American aviation industry is quite robust with a variety of laws, standards and regulations. With Code 14 providing the rules, regulations and standards for the industry, different agencies are keen to enforce. These include non-government agencies and private organizations. The main aim is to offer quality, affordable and safe air travel services to members of not only the American but also the global community.
References
Akay, A., Fleming, G. G., Helweg, R. D., Maling Jr, G. C., & Wood, E. W. (2017). Engineering a Quieter America: Commercial Aviation: A New Era-Workshop Final Report.
Dodd, T., Orlitzky, M., & Nelson, T. (2018). What stalls a renewable energy industry? Industry outlook of the aviation biofuels industry in Australia, Germany, and the USA. Energy Policy , 123 , 92-103.
Griffin, S. (2018). Pockets of Privatization: A Way Forward for US Airports. The Air and Space Lawyer , 31 (2), 1-17.
Kar, S., Kasimsetty, V., Barlow, S., & Rao, S. (2019). Risk Analysis of Blockchain Application for Aerospace Records Management (No. 2019-01-1344). SAE Technical Paper.
Roberts, D. (2016). Aviation Security and the Challenges the Industry Faces Providing Safe and Secure Transportation.
