Zubair, S. (2020). Development narratives, media and women in Pakistan: Shifts and continuities. Graphic Novels and Visual Cultures in South Asia, 18-31. doi:10.4324/9781003007807-3
This article is concerned about the impact that globalization and other such phenomena have on Pakistan's women and how the media is representing this change. Being controlled solely by the government, the media equipment in Pakistan has, for a long time, been controlled based on Islamic views. As a result, it was discriminatory against women since they could never be newscasters or music hosts. Globalization and changes such as social media growth have made the women realize that they are being discriminated against and have given them the boldness of challenging the structures governing them. The most dominant images of these women now are western-influenced, which shows that women might never be free in Islam. As such, this media is trying to paint those that are choosing to dress as they want as a population that has sold out and prefer external cultures to their own.
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This article shows that the media is one of the most important elements for individuals forming an identity of themselves. Because many are being purported as pro-western and neglecting Islam, the elements they viewed as liberating, such as pro-western culture and clothing, do not seem appealing. Nevertheless, that might not be accurate but rather just an aspect that is twisted so that it can be used to manipulate those that are vulnerable. By showing images of women relaxing in work settings while the men work, there is the reinforcement of a patriarchal message of women and their nature, which is often not true. The link with the new article is that the women, in that case, behave like they do because they have not been trained otherwise. The media is one of the most powerful tools when it comes to training the individuals and thus it should be well regulated so that it can produce beliefs, values and views that are sustainable.
Harris, J., Irving, M., & Kruger, A. C. (2015). Media literacy and perceptions of identity among pre-adolescent African-American girls. Int J Child Adolesc Health, 8 (4), 477-486.
One of the most vulnerable groups of women in America is African American teenagers. These are vulnerable to getting sexually transmitted illnesses and sex trafficking. Part of this vulnerability is brought about by the media’s representation of all they can be. In the media that they are mostly subjected to, women understand that their role is to be secondary to men and help quench their sexual desires. In particular, hip-hop has significant influence in this community, yet it significantly sexist and objectifies women both in the videos and the language they use. When the women grow up, they will study but deep down, they will be safer serving the men in their communities rather than doing anything more impactful. As such, it will be possible to find graduates working as dancers and the like.
This is an important article that shows how a woman's identity is tied to what they watch and are subjected to around them daily. This is important for the news article because it shows women's behavior and how it is influenced by the media they are exposed to. In many instances, women cannot be motivated to even go far because mentally, they have been taught that they have no option in being anything other than what they have been seeing. The article appears to be credible as it is well arranged and with the necessary parts, making the story easy to understand. If the media was responsible and wanted to see the people's uplifting, it would have instead held women in high regard and represented them being in better jobs and roles. This way, they will see what they can become.
Geyerman, C. B. (2016). The NFL’s “Violence Against Women Problem”: Media Framing and The Perpetuation of Domestic Abuse. Studies in Popular Culture, 2 (38), 99-124.
In the NFL, there have been significant instances of domestic violence, including the 2014 season, where these cases were many. In one instance, the NFL player named Ray Rice had gotten into an altercation with his girlfriend, and when she tried reaching for his phone, he punched her and knocked her unconscious. Despite his violent tendencies, Ray Rice is often protected by the media. One instance where they reduced the gravity of a serious case is when the same individual and the same girlfriend were involved in an altercation reported as a “simple assault.” However, a video of the assault showed Rice dragging the limp and unconscious body of his girlfriend in a casino at the time. This shows that the media has a direct role in the domestic violence that women often experience. In most instances, this media choses to oppress the victims which is wrong.
The differential reinforcement theory suggests that the way people are treated determines how they will behave. In this instance, men and women will behave according to what they see happening around them. If the media, alongside vital bodies that should take care of the vulnerable, ignore this responsibility, it communicates to others that outlawed behavior is rewarded and not punished. This message will thus embolden those who are perpetrators and scare those vulnerable to being silent and avoiding the latter. This article helps the news understand when it is clear where the woman might have come from and how this could have impacted her world view. In such a role, the media should say things as they are without protecting anyone, especially if they are the perpetrator. By talking plainly, then the stakeholders in the situation will be able to move effectively to safety. Any report that is biased in a misleading way should be held accountable since it can create an impression that will end up being deadly.
