| Statistic |
Description (use of the statistic) |
Level of Measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio |
Example of Application: (Summarize or give an example of how you might see this term in a study) |
| Mean | The mean refers to the arithmetic average of a given set of data. The mean of a set of data is calculated by first calculating the sum of the data and then dividing the sum by the number of pieces in the set (Frost, 2018). | The mean is a measure of central tendency (Frost, 2018). It is an interval measurement. This statistical measure can also be used for symmetric distribution. | The mean is often used in sports, academics, and research. In school, the final grade a student gets in a subject is usually the mean. The final grade (mean) represents the total number of points a student has scored in a test out of the possible points. |
| Median | The median is the midpoint value of a data set arranged in order. The data set ought to be arranged in an ascending or descending order, and the middle value is the median (Frost, 2018). | Like the mean, the median is a measure of central tendency (Frost, 2018). It is an interval measurement. This statistical measure can also be used for symmetric distributions. | The median can be used to find the middle of a group of ages. |
| Mode | The mode refers to the value that appears most in a given set of data (Frost, 2018). | This is also a measure of central tendency (Frost, 2018). It is a nominal measurement. | The mode can be used in research studies, such as to find the most preferred flavor of ice cream. |
| Range | In statistics, the range is the difference between the highest and lowest value (University of Leicester, N.d). | The range is a measure that indicates the amount of variability in a given set of data. | The range can be used in research studies to determine the variation in students’ performance in a test. |
| Standard Deviation | The standard deviation is a statistical measure that tells how spread out numbers are from the mean (Hargrave, 2019). It is the square root of variance. | The standard deviation is a measure of statistical dispersion. It is used to determine the extent of variation in a given set of data. | The standard deviation can be calculated by following the following steps: (I) calculate the mean, (II) find the absolute deviations of the set of data from the mean and then square the result, (III) find the mean of those squared difference. The value obtained is the variance. The square root of the variance is the standard deviation. |
| Correlations | In statistics, correlation is a measure that indicates how two or more variables are related (Creative Research Systems, N.d). The relationship can be positive or negative and hence the terms positive correlation and negative correlation.s | It is used to determine relationships between variables, such as therapy technique and success in treatment. Pearson correlation is a scale level of measurement. | It can be used to determine the relationship between family conflict and depression in adulthood. |
| Multiple regression | Multiple regression is a technique used to predict the unknown value from the predictors (NCSS Statistical Software, N.d). It is an equation that can be used to predict the accuracy in a prediction. More precisely, multiple regression helps predict the value Y for a given set of value such as x 1 , x 2, x 3… x k. | Multiple regression is a ration/interval measurement. | Multiple regression can be used in a study to understand if exam performance can be predicted based on gender, lecture attendance, test anxiety, and revision time. |
| Factor analysis | Factor analysis is a technique where a large number of variables is reduced into a smaller data set that is more manageable as well as understandable (Rahn, N.d). | Factor scores are interval measurements. | In a survey, this statistical tool can be used to find different dimensions measured throughout the survey while the factor load for each item on the survey. |
| Chi-square | This is a test that measures how expectations compare to the actual observed data (Kent State University, 2019). | This statistical tool can be used to determine the difference between two variables. Chi-Square is a nominal level of measurement. | Chi-square test can be used to determine if gender is related to voting preference. |
| T-test | A t-test is a type of inferential statistic (Kenton, 2019). It is used to determent if there is a significant difference in the average of two groups. | Independent sample t-test is a dichotomous nominal while dependent is scale. | This statistical tool can be used to determine if there is a significant difference between the weights of male and female. |
| ANOVA | ANOVA is a statistical test that is used to compare significant differences between means (Singh, 2018). | One way ANOVA is a nominal level of measurement. | This statistical test can be used to compare the weights of male children at different ages. |
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References
Creative Research Systems. (N.d). Correlation. [Online]. Available at: https://www.surveysystem.com/correlation.htm . Accessed 15 th May 2019.
Hargrave, M. (2019). Standard Deviation Definition. [Online]. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/standarddeviation.asp . Accessed 15 th May 2019.
Frost, J. (2018). Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Mode, and Median. [Online]. Available at: https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/measures-central-tendency-mean-median-mode/ . Accessed 15 th May 2019.
Kenton, W. (2019). T-Test Definition. [Online]. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/t-test.asp . Accessed 15 th May 2019.
Kent State University. (2019). SPSS Tutorials: Chi-Square Test of Independence. [Online]. Available at: https://libguides.library.kent.edu/spss/chisquare . Accessed 15 th May 2019.
NSCC Statistical Software. (N.d). Multiple Regression. [Online]. Available at: https://ncss-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/themes/ncss/pdf/Procedures/NCSS/Multiple_Regression.pdf . Accessed 15 th May 2019.
Rahn, M. (N.d). Factor Analysis: A Short Introduction, Part 1. [Online]. Available at: https://www.theanalysisfactor.com/factor-analysis-1-introduction/ . Accessed 15 th May 2019.
Signh, G. (2018). A Simple Introduction to ANOVA (With Applications in Excel). [Online]. Available at: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2018/01/anova-analysis-of-variance/ . Accessed 15 th May 2019.
University of Leicester. (N.d). Measures of Variability: The Range, Inter-Quartile Range, and Standards Deviation. [Online]. Available at: https://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/numerical-data/variability . Accessed 15 th May 2019.
