1. The degree of freedom refers to the values or quantities of any independent number that can vary in any given statistical distributions. It is important to know the df for a t ratio since it provides an opportunity to establish whether there are statistically significant relationships within datasets but at a specified level of alpha values. The df for Canbulat study is 174. This is arrived at by the fact that their study had 176 subjects. Out of this, two means were being compared, hence 1 is subtracted from each mean giving a balance of 174.
2. The mean age was 8.25 +/- 1.51 SDs and 8.61 +/- 1.69 SDs for the Buzzy group and for the control group respectively. Given the fact that a t-test is a statistical analysis used to determine the difference makes the test to be appropriate and can help in the identification of statistical significance. On the other hand, z-test would not have been appropriate because it only looks for the proportions’ differences.
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3. In this study, it can be concluded that there are no statistically significant associations in the mean ages of the two groups; t value= -1.498, p=.136
4. The assumptions are not limited to the fact data are normally distributed, samples are obtained from random procedures, the size of the samples is equally large, the variance is homogeneity, and that the scale of measuring variables are continuous or ordinal.
5. Since the children used in this study were different makes the groups be independent. The controls got each test independently. If the children would have been given both treatments, then it would have been dependent.
6. HO: There is no statistically significant association between self-reported pain slowed with the Wong-Baker Faces Scale. Since t value =-6.498, p< 0.0001 made the HO to be rejected.
7. When multiple hypotheses are to be tested, then a Bonferroni procedure is highly recommended now that a Type I error is likely to occur by chance. In this study, there were no multiple hypotheses to be tested and as a result, making a Bonferroni procedure unnecessary.
8. The variable that has a result of t = −6.135, p = 0.000 is parent reported. Since, p<0.05, the t result indicates that there is a significant difference between the Buzzy intervention group and the control group in terms of the parent-reported pain measured with the VAS.
9. To me, this is very an expected because the children would have been distracted from the actual IV insertion procedure when Buzzy is used. Hence, this will automatically reduce self-reported pain on two different rating scales for pain among the children.
10. One potential clinical benefit for pediatric patients to receive the Buzzy intervention that combined cold and vibration during IV insertion is that the pediatric patients would be relieved from pain and anxiety that would have been caused by the needles which children are very afraid of.
