African Americans face racial discrimination in criminal justice from day-to-day. From the Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) report, we can see that most black Americans are victimized due to the fact that the number of homicide cases among them is high. From the 2018 MPD report homicide victim profiles, the black American males formed 83% of the total cases while their female counterparts consisted of 13% of the cases. On the contrary, the whites and other white communities formed only 6% of the homicide cases. This clearly shows that black Americans are believed to be of weak character and actions, and hence they are targeted by police departments. This aspect of an upsurge in the homicide cases corresponds to the higher number of individual activities and individual characteristics in the Practicum Data where the blacks have higher numbers and thus being targeted. Moreover, the MPD 2018 report indicated the crimes of hate increased by sexual orientation, accounting for 31% of the total offenses. In the report, there were 49 crimes of hate based on ethnicity, sixty on race, sixty on sexual orientation, and twelve based on religion, fifteen on gender identity, ten on political affiliations, and one on homelessness. The statics reveal that the crimes of hate targeted African Americans based on the perception of them. Furthermore, the report shows that the Colombia District is the most affected where immigrants are highly charged with hate offenses and which has forced the government to mitigate the situation by laying down punitive measures. Also, African Americans face hatred in all the places they thought were safe for them, for instance, in church, government buildings, and schools. This aspect corresponds to the Practicum Data in that the black Americans display a high number of non-ticket stop by individual actions and also the personal characteristics. For instance, in PSA there were 17 African Americans stopped while there are no whites and other races. The Routine Activity Theory, Broken windows theory, and CPTED theory have suggested more significant interventions to control the stopping of African Americans. Still, the prevailing situations on the ground continue hampering them. First, the Routine Activity theory puts focuses on three key factors that lead to the occurrence of crimes; the possible offender, suitable target, and absence of able guardians. Additionally, where the routine activity is practiced tends to experience a low rate of crimes and is perceived as safe. Also, the theory encourages a positive relationship among legitimate routine activities and increases guardianship and perceived safety, thus helping reduce the stoppage of African Americans. Secondly, the Broken Window theory does not support the stoppage of African Americans since it focuses on the environmental disorder, which helps African Americans to use the innate abilities to detect safer areas. Also, the theory comes out with interventions of improving the perceived safety of some areas by adding vegetation to enhance the appearance of the area to give it a more inviting image that may, in the long run, control the stoppage of African Americans. Lastly, the CPTED theory helps African Americans to avoid the increased number of stops since it increases their surveillance on the environment. The increased visibility among the private groups encourages their sense of territoriality and helps in improving their feeling of controlling the areas they reside in. The CPTED theory should be accountable for the stoppage of African Americans since it ignores power and politics, which contribute widely to the stoppage of African Americans. Also, CPTED has been manipulated to exclude the poor and people of color in America, for example, street closures, low bridges to exclude colors. Furthermore, extreme target hardening over the notification and exclusionary means deployed by target theory may lead to the stoppage of African Americans. The Broken window theory accounts for the stoppage of the African Americans due to the fact it is only concerned about the physical disorders but not the social conditions influencing the behaviors. Also, violent crimes are associated with social cohesion than the physical disorders the theory addresses. Therefore, it accounts for the upsurge of the stops of African Americans since it does not advocate for it. Also, this theory leads to the displacement of crimes to some areas, given that the perpetrators move from one place to another to avoid the broken window policies. In the end, it leads to the segregation of some residential areas as crime-prone areas. This, in the long run, will increase the target for the stoppage of African Americans in their areas of settlement. From the MPD Report, we can see that Black males and Black females formed a more significant number of homicide victims. They represented 83% and 13% percent of the annual homicide victims, respectively. The other races accounted for just 5% of the yearly homicide victims. This data indicates that African Americana is highly targeted. Also, from the report, African Americans include a large percentage of the victims who committed crimes of hate. The statistics show that sexual orientation comprised of 60 out of 205 of the annual hate offenses. Also, the number of crimes of hatred based on ethnicity was 49 in the year 2018, while on race was 39 out of 205. The statistics reveal that people of different races, more especially the African Americans, were targeted.
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