9)
Astronomy and astrology were important “tools” in ancient China statecraft. Astronomy was primarily used for timekeeping. The Chinese people relied on a lunisolar calendar, but since the moon and sun cycles are different, they regularly inserted a leap year (Sun, 2011). On the other hand, Astrology was used to inform a person of the course of their life. This information was based on the planets' locations and the zodiac signs during the individual's conception or birth time. Astrology was vital because it guided how people were supposed to live their lives, while astronomy's importance was to guide people about the timeframe through the months. Astronomy and astrology are still vital to the current government. The government uses them to design calendars following the moon and sun cycles and zodiac signs and animals.
10)
The Hundreds of Schools presented their ideas and thoughts, which were embraced and discussed to make a decision. Before this era, bloody battles and chaos were experienced if anyone presented their ideas or thoughts. However, during this period, many schools of thought were allowed to portray their ideas, and they were flourishing. The most effective schools that developed during this era were Legalism, Mohism, Taoism, and Confucianism (China Culture, 2008). This class of schools was the most welcomed since it exhibited fierce class and political struggles to survive between local wars among the slaveholder class and rising-landed class. The relationship between government and thoughts teaches me that Statecraft can do anything to run things even though it is through banning other people's thoughts.
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11)
In ancient China, the government was a monarchy, where the royal family known as dynasties and emperors ruled the government. These dynasties' governments tended to be despotic and autocratic, enforcing their governorship and recruiting massive labor forces and armies (Ancient Military, 2012). Therefore, people feared and followed the emperors, the issue of partisanship rose. Confucianism was advanced in prehistoric china, a stressing virtue of philosophy and good ruling. This issue resulted in the government calling its party and stood against the emperors' hateful actions and languages. People are incredibly accustomed to popularity. And therefore, the government changed its perceptions; hence it won. This internal issue teaches people that governing is sometimes misused, and humans mostly believe in and follow the people with the proper status.
12)
Typically the decisions or policies in ancient China were made by the emperors. Commonly, council meetings were held by the government for the officials and the emperors to discuss the nation's issues and what actions would be taken ( Cartwright, 2017) . The meetings were conducted in the Imperial court before the making of the big decisions. However, leadership contained two forms; feudatory and monarchy sides. In the feudatory custom or side, the central government divided or shared government rule with locals. On the other hand, in monarchy form, the central government was in control over all locals. Due to these different ways of ruing, the two sides did not agree with each other. If I were to take sides, I would prefer feudatory form since it shows a power division.
13)
The government of ancient China promoted commercial and trading activities. Many ancient China people resided in villages and practiced farming, engaging in different tasks so they could grow their crops. Some of these tasks included harvesting and storing, weeding, plowing, and sowing. They also processed silk, which was China’s most traded and successful export, resulting in a historical Silk Road trade (Cinar, 2015). They traded with Europe and the whole of Asia. However the from the restraint of trade in China, cultural development has been affected since the cultural goods and services cannot be traded, which contributes to decreasing the value of the economy. Similarly, a political relationship is a significant factor of trading companies and consumers' mutual emotions, which has been affected by the restraint of trade in China.
14)
The Chinese elites or top university students had different attitudes or perceptions for different countries. For example, they felt warmly towards the United States, Russia, and Europe while they perceived cold or unkind feelings towards Northeast Asia (Koreas and Japan). From these attitudes, China developed interrelations with the U.S, Russia, and Europe, and thus, the nation is among the superpower economies (Weissmann, 2015). In today’s global setting, China’s image has slipped due to its foreign policy since it was built out of discrimination against its neighbors.
During ancient times, Roman Empire had a sturdy military force and wealth. Conversely, China was powerful, wealthy, and a more populous Han Empire. They knew each other through the trade since they had goods they needed from each other, but there is no evidence that the two empires knew each other much because they were only interested in the Eurasian trade (Wong, 2020). However, they exchanged cultures and ideas while trading. Rome had precious gems, silver, and gold, while China had spices, tea, and silk. This shows that what matters in Statecraft is the economic value being added.
15)
The roles of women in traditional China society were mainly kinship roles. They were obligated to accord with their closely related men's needs and wishes; when young look after their fathers, when married, their husband, and when widowed their sons (Ebrey, 2021). However, the story of the first and only emperor of ancient China, Wu Zetian, shows that women could have made better leaders since she enhanced China's development by conquering lands in Central Asia and Korea and improved peasant's lives by enhancing farming methods and lowering taxes (Mark, 2016). Consequently, she was hated by men and the gods, leading her to brutality and cruelty, which explains that women in traditional China were not respected or believed to rue men but to be their concubines.
References
Ancient Military, (2012). Ancient China Government . Ancientmilitary.com. from http://www.ancientmilitary.com/ancient-china-government.htm .
Cartwright, M. (2017). Chinese Emperor . World History Encyclopedia., from https://www.ancient.eu/Chinese_Emperor/ .
China Culture. (2008). Hundred Schools of Thought. En.chinaculture.org., from http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-02/07/content_23009.htm.
Cinar, E., Geusz, K., & Johnson, J. (2015). Historical Perspectives on Trade and Risk on the Silk Road, Middle East, and China. Meea.sites.luc.edu., from https://meea.sites.luc.edu/volume17/pdfs/Cinar-Geusz-Johnson.pdf .
Ebrey, P. (2021). Women in Traditional China. Asia Society. Retrieved 10 April 2021, from https://asiasociety.org/education/women-traditional-china#:~:text=Women's%20roles%20were%20primarily%20kinship,married%2C%20their%20sons%20when%20widowed.
Mark, E. (2016). Wu Zetian. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10 April 2021, from https://www.ancient.eu/Wu_Zetian/#:~:text=Empress%20Wu%20Zetian%20(also%20known,controversial%20monarchs%20in%20China's%20history.
Sun, X., (2011). Connecting Heaven and Man: The Role of Astronomy in Ancient Chinese Society and Culture <http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=2011IAUS..260...98S&db_key=AST&page_ind=3&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES> [Accessed 9 April 2021].
Weissmann, M. (2015). Chinese Foreign Policy in a Global Perspective: A Responsible Reformer" Striving For Achievement." Journal of China and International relations, 3(1).
Wong, N. (2020). What did the Chinese Know of the Roman Empire?. Free Malaysia Today (FMT)., from https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/leisure/2020/03/06/what-did-the-chinese-know-of-the-roman-empire/.
