Introduction
Criminal justice, like many other sectors, has encompassed advanced technology to take advantage of emerging technology. Criminal justice departments have adopted the latest technology in essential areas such as investigation, apprehension, identification, and decision making. Also, more areas covered include correlational oversight and handling, recordkeeping, and dissemination of information. DNA profiling is a modern method to classify individuals based on a single genetic composition. Although people may have the same color of the eye and hair and even a similar face, the DNA is not the same. This means that the process can be used to solve crimes more reliably. Forensic scientists can compare DNA from victims on crime sites (e.g., from blood or hair). If there's no match, the accused may be excluded. If a match occurs, the police probably want to look closer.
Application of DNA
Criminal justice adopted the DNA prints technology to help in the identification of criminals using biological evidence. The investigation sector uses DNA typing as the most accurate tool to identify and convict criminals. Similarly, DNA tests enable judges to exonerate mistaken convicts by clearing the alleged crimes. Criminal investigators utilize DNA technology by comparing the suspect's DNA samples to the evidence from the crime scene. The DNA results help in the suspect's ruling as a convict or innocent ( Dash et al., 2018) . In the absence of a suspect, however, investigators analyze the biological evidence collected from the crime scene and compare the results with the DNA databases to identify the offender. The DNA database can also help the criminal investigators link the crime scene evidence to other crime scenes. Thus, DNA technology is essential in criminal justice as it ensures fairness and accuracy in the judicial system.
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DNA is one of the most useful research tools except for identical twins, which means that every individual's DNA varies from each other, and there are no two individuals with the same DNA. The value of DNA is exceptional. DNA evidence from the criminality scene has been obtained; it provides a clear connection with the perpetrator and excludes the suspects. Biology evidence, including semen, blood, skin cells, bodily hair, maybe left, for example, on the crime scene or the victim's body after rape. The biological information collected from the crime scene will be linked to the offender profiles in the DNA databases that help detect the offender at the crime site during the crime ( Srivastava et al., 2020) . Thus DNA technology helps civil courts resolve civil conflict issues in a fair trial not only in sexual harassment but also in cases of abduction, domestic abuse, killing, and DNA technology.
As DNA is obtained from the crime scene, it will begin to exclude the suspects who have access to the crime scene. Still, their DNA does not match the biological evidence gathered from the crime scene. That is how this DNA technology aids in a fair trial by removing innocent people who were present at the crime scene but who have no relationship with the crime.
DNA technology is one of the most important tools developed by forensic science that assists the legal system in different cases. The latest breakthrough in forensic science, a by-product of modern genetic science, has profoundly influenced justice administration. This genetic science gives rise to the assumption that the genetic structure that can be detected in DNA molecules embedded in each human being's cell is often different and has a distinct character. Every individual's DNA varies from each other, and that there are no two people with the same DNA ( Machado et al., 2020) . Each person's distinct identity can be evaluated only on the grounds of the chemical composition of the DNA present in each person's cells. Apart from the significance of DNA technology listed above, it is often used as a modern type of proof because it has scientific precision, infallibility, and reliability. It helps criminal as well as civil courts to bring justice. DNA technology has a tremendous effect on the judiciary.
This DNA technology helps the civil court to make an appropriate decision to decide parenthood in civil cases, which mostly include maternity or paternity disputes between parents. In cases where a child's paternity and maternity are challenged, the unfailing proof of biological percentage could be the mere parallel of DNA obtained from the child's body tissues and body fluid ( Srivastava et al., 2020) . DNA technology's evidential value is quite enough to establish a family succession cycle, as adequate body fluid sampling and forensic standard testing are sufficient to provide the courts with a strong case.
Most Judicial systems currently use DNA tests since almost all jurisdictions regard DNA evidence to be most accurate and admissible. The future of criminal justice requires full adoption of DNA typing technology to ensure fairness and prevent innocent suspects from conviction and more prolonged criminal investigations. Besides, DNA mapping will warrant the conviction of suspects with no suspicion.
DNA technology in the criminal justice system requires a wide range of practitioners and differentiated areas. Under the so-called chain of custody, the attention is on the crime scene and its assessment to detect and gather biological traces that could subsequently be useful for identifying the suspect. Consequently, biological traces are analyzed in a laboratory setting. Finally, the DNA analysis's technical reports are submitted to the individuals responsible for examining the case before the court.
Conclusion
Crimes and other social evils continue to be complicated and sophisticated as the world gets modernized and technologically advanced. Therefore, it is essential for the current and future judicial system to adopt advanced technologies to effectively identify, detect, and solve criminal cases.
References
Dash, H. R., Shrivastava, P., Mohapatra, B. K., & Das, S. (Eds.). (2018). DNA Fingerprinting: Advancements and Future Endeavors . Springer.
Machado, H., & Granja, R. (2020). DNA Technologies in Criminal Investigation and Courts. In Forensic Genetics in the Governance of Crime (pp. 45-56). Palgrave Pivot, Singapore.
Srivastava, A., Harshey, A., & Shrivastava, P. (2020). Legal Aspects of Forensic DNA Typing. In Forensic DNA Typing: Principles, Applications, and Advancements (pp. 607-628). Springer, Singapore.
