Cancer is examined based on real results, symptoms of person, and screening test results. At some point, cancer is detected when X-rays are done for different reasons, such as injuries. For cancer to be recognized, termed diagnostic tests are required. After cancer is dragonized by the doctor , the staging process follows. ( Ayuso, C., Rimola, J., Vilana, R., Burrel, M., Darnell, A., García-Criado, Á. ... & Bruix, J. 2018)
Screening for Cancer
The screening test discovers the possibility of cancer in the body before symptoms. The screening test is not that adequate; hence further examination and tests disapprove or confirm screening test results. After the person is suspected of having cancer, diagnostics tests are done. Even though these tests may save a life, they are costly.
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Diagnosis of Cancer
When the doctor first suspects that a patient has cancer, and Imaging study such as ultrasonography and x-rays is done. For example, if a person has a chronic cough and weight loss, a chest X-ray is done to him/her, and if the patient has an eye problem and recurrent headache, a brain, CT will be done . Cancer can be detected by needle biopsy on a piece of the tumors or surgery. Cancer cells can be found examining microscopic samples from the suspected region.
Tumor Markers
The blood level of tumor markers is measured to provide more information about whether cancer is present or not. This process is done after imaging tests, and examination findings suggest the possibility of cancer. Tumor markers are used to detect possible recurrence and effective treatment of cancer in individuals diagnosed with cancer.
Staging of Cancer
Staging is the process of finding the advancement of cancer in the human body and its location. It includes if it has spread to other tissues and how big it is. This test is useful in determining cancer extensiveness is in terms of its size, area affected, growth into the nearby structure, and if it has spread to other parts of the body. During this stage, patients are anxious and impatient wishing treatment to start immediately. This stage allows doctors to determine prognosis as well as the most appropriate treatment.
This test uses positron emission tomography(PET), radioactive material imaging tests such as MRI, CT, and scans. Different types of cancer have various staging tests. In the lungs, brain, and lower abdomen, cancer is detected by the use of CT, while MRI detects diseases of the bone, spinal code, and mind. Tumor maker is confirmed by biopsies and treated. For example, a surgeon removes the lymph node located on the armpit to determine if cancer has spread there during the surgery of breast cancer. The doctor can determine if further treatment is needed if there is evidence of the spread of features if the primary tumor. If staging is based on imaging, results of initial biopsy and examination of physical features, it is referred to clinical. When the doctor uses additional biopsies or surgical procedures, it is referred to as surgical or pathological.
Side Effects of Cancer Treatment
The treatment of cancer has many side effects. The effect occurs when the treatment damages healthy cells. The results can differentiate from the kind of therapy, medicines used, and an individual's health. Patients can be uncomfortable, thus affecting their treatment schedules or even reducing the effectiveness of the procedure. Some of the side effects include
Nausea
Nausea and vomiting are mainly caused by chemotherapy. Anti-nausea drugs are usually given to patients. Studies suggest that patient expectations possibly contribute to the development of nausea during treatment. A research done in 2004 shows that woman who gets severe nausea are those expecting it during treatment than those who does not think of it. However, the study suggests that during treatment, vomiting can be reduced by a positive attitude.
Fatigue
Most of the cancer patient suffers from this effect. The effect is caused by radiation and chemotherapy. It interferes with daily activities because it is not relieved by rest. Patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment should maintain a nutritious diet, do exercises, and light workload. This helps the patient to remember that fatigue does not mean treatment is not working, or cancer is worsening. Some research suggests that cancer-related fatigue can be relieved by SSRI paroxetine.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea can be caused by drugs used for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract and colorectal cancer. A 2010 study found that severe cancer is caused by chemotherapy agent CPT 11. This is because the drug reacts with enzyme s located in the intestines. Patients are advised to take food that can be digested easily e.g., white rice and banana. To avoid dehydration, the patient should pay attention to their fluid intake.
Factors Contributing to Incident and Mortality Rates of Various Cancers in Americans
The research shows that high-income rate has high incident and mortality rates in all sites. This includes colorectal, prostate lung, and breast cancer. In the united states, Health behavior is one of the major factors which increase the risk of the disease. Major risk factors to the incidence and mortality of cancer include the use of tobacco, consumption of alcohol, taking a pure diet, overweight, and obesity. Other factors, such as sex practice exposure and exposure to infected blood, can lead to the incidence of cancer. ( Helmstadter, C., & Godden, J. (2016)
Obesity : Numerous medical conditions, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases are caused by excess fat in the body. There is a linear relation between most health conditions and adiposity. There is excess mortality between the leanest individual. The smoking of a cigarette confounds the relationship between leanest and mortality. The study shows that there is an increase in the mortality rate due to the rise in obesity and adiposity. There are many possible mechanisms through which obesity contributes to cancer incidences; they include insulin pathways for colon cancer, uterine cancer, and female hormone for breast cancer. The IARC estimates that obesity and overweight may contribute to 10 percent of colorectal and breast cancer.
Alcohol : Consumption of alcohol has both harmful and beneficial effects on health. Research shows that people who drink a lot, experience high death rates from certain types of acute death, poisoning, and injuries. There is an increase in death from cirrhosis, certain cancers, and hemorrhagic stroke due to the long-term use of alcohol. In the united states, drinking has increased high mortality rates. Research suggests that consumption of alcohol increases the risk of cancers of the esophagus, mouth larynx, and pharynx.
Physical Activity: Physical activity reduces the risk of premature death, depression, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Importantly, it reduces the risk of endometrial, breast, and colon cancer. One can maintain gain when he/she exercises. The International Agency for Research has suggested that inadequate physical activities lead to colorectal and breast cancer.it is also observed that an increase can reduce mortality risk in one level of physical activity. A large number of studies have examined the relationship between various type of cancer and physical activities
American Cancer Society (ACS)
This is the largest health and community-based organization in the united states. Its primary aim is to eliminate cancer, which is a significant health problem. This is achieved by saving lives, cancer prevention, and the diminishing effects of the disease through service, advocacy research, and education. The organization has more than 34,00 local and regional offices around all states in the country.ACS uses community-based programs to fulfill its mission. This is through reducing cancer risk, early detection of the disease, ensuring that the treatment is done prospering, and supporting people who have cancer to cope with the disease. Its global headquarters support research programs, prevention development, guidelines, and recommendation targeted to doctors, public, and policymakers focused on the control of cancer.
Globally it aims to do away with cancer, which is the primary health problem through programs that support a local organization that deals with cancer. It also supports government ministries that increase awareness on how to prevent disease, advocacy of international disease, and control of tobacco.ACS has also implemented a compressive plan that prioritizes and identifies cancer screening and prevention, detecting cancer in its early stage, treatment of cancer, and strategies for the research of causes of cancer deaths related. ( Smith, R. A., Andrews, K. S., Brooks, D., Fedewa, S. A., Manassaram‐Baptiste, D., Saslow, D., ... & Wender, R. C 2018)
Utilization of Nursing Process Across the Life Span (C3.1)
The nursing process, which provides a professional approach to solving problems, critical and creative thinking skills, is a method of explaining science based on interventions in nursing. Students comprehend that it is the responsivity of the instructor to give the nursing process during nursing education. Many students think that it is essential to use the nursing process to perform patient care in clinics. Although the research is positive, a third of the student believes that it is not necessary for the nursing process. It is essential to teach the student the nursing process efficiently. Research shows that many students understand the nursing process because it was thought of efficiently. Students said that they had difficulties during the data collection stage because patients did not give appropriate answers to the questions asked. Challenges in the nursing process include lack of knowledge and problem in asking relevant questions to the patients.
Liberal Arts and Science Studies to Nursing Knowledge (C2.1)
The liberal arts and sciences are the core part of the education discipline in the nursing curriculum, and it is believed to undergird creative thinking abilities, holistic care, and creativity. In nursing education, science has become a more central role. In liberal art of teaching, humanities are important; this includes philosophy, architecture literature, and history. In nursing education, student's beliefs that liberal arts their communication skills, think widely, navigate, and decision making. Therefore, it is essential to include humanities and liberal arts in nursing pedagogy. Nursing students can advantage and improve their abilities, values, and skills if they have liberal arts in their universities. ( Kim, 2018).
References
Ayuso, C., Rimola, J., Vilana, R., Burrel, M., Darnell, A., García-Criado, Á. ... & Bruix, J. (2018). Diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): current guidelines. European journal of radiology , 101 , 72-81.
Helmstadter, C., & Godden, J. (2016). Nursing before Nightingale, 1815-1899 . Routledge.
Kim, J. H. (2018). The Clinical Practice Experience of Nursing Students. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development , 9 (3), 558-562.
Smith, R. A., Andrews, K. S., Brooks, D., Fedewa, S. A., Manassaram‐Baptiste, D., Saslow, D., ... & Wender, R. C. (2018). Cancer screening in the United States, 2018: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening. CA: A cancer journal for clinicians , 68 (4), 297-316.
Ayuso, C., Rimola, J., Vilana, R., Burrel, M., Darnell, A., García-Criado, Á. ... & Bruix, J. (2018). Diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): current guidelines. European journal of radiology , 101 , 72-81.
Kim, J. H. (2018). The Clinical Practice Experience of Nursing Students. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development , 9 (3), 558-562.
Smith, R. A., Andrews, K. S., Brooks, D., Fedewa, S. A., Manassaram‐Baptiste, D., Saslow, D., ... & Wender, R. C. (2018). Cancer screening in the United States, 2018: a review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening. CA: A cancer journal for clinicians , 68 (4), 297-316.
Helmstadter, C., & Godden, J. (2016). Nursing before Nightingale, 1815-1899 . Routledge.
