What Diagnosis is Consistent with John’s History and Physical Exam?
The health conditions experienced by John are consistent with an increasing rate of Angina which is directly associated with chest pain. In analyzing this aspect, it is worth noting that stable angina can equally be unstable depending on the position of the plaque in the arteries. Since John has a history of stable angina, his arterial walls could have hardened thus allowing the plaque to accumulate beyond controllable levels. Based on these conditions, John could be suffering from myocardial infarct. MI is characterized by a complete blockage of cardiac arteries which consequently disrupts the supply of oxygen and blood to the cardiac muscles ( McCance & Huether, 2018) . An increase in chest pain frequency and shortened breath at rest are some of the key symptoms that make John a victim of MI.
Please Differentiate between a STEMI and Non-STEMI
STEMI is a form of heart attack characterized by the blocking of arteries responsible for the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the cardiac muscles ( McCance & Huether, 2018) . An electrocardiogram is usually used to detect this condition. When patients are experiencing a STEMI, a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CRP) is usually applied to restore normality in heart rhythm. A Non- STEMI, on the other hand, refers to a mild heart failure instigated by narrowing of a cardiac artery responsible for the supply of oxygen and blood ( McCance & Huether, 2018) . Unlike a STEMI, this heart condition is detected by a fairly elevated electrocardiogram ST segment. A Non-STEMI is preventable through early medication processes such as stenting and angioplasty.
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What are the Pathophysiological Findings Specifying an MI?
In a clinical setting, MI conditions are consistent with myocardial ischemia. Generally, the blockage of heart arteries through clotting or excessive accumulation of plaque results to an ischemic injury ( McCance & Huether, 2018) . However, there are various similarities in the respective symptoms of unstable angina and MI. For instance, MI is characterized by the insufficient supply of blood and oxygen in heart muscles. Therefore, any acute obstruction in the coronary artery leads to the death of myocardial cells which can only be restored through an instant supply of blood and oxygen ( McCance & Huether, 2018) .
What is the Difference between Angina, Silent Ischemia and Myocardial Ischemia?
Silent ischemia refers to the condition where the resulting insufficient supply of oxygen and blood does not cause chest pains ( Hausenloy & Yellon, 2013). Even though this condition is not easily noticeable, it can disrupt the normal heart rhythm. Silent ischemia is responsible for the acquisition of cardiomyopathy disease ( Hausenloy & Yellon, 2013). Angina on the other is a clinical term used to describe any chest discomfort or pain resulting from a heart disease. Lastly, myocardial ischemia is a condition characterized by the total or partial blockage of arteries responsible for the supply of oxygen and nutrients to heart muscles ( Hausenloy & Yellon, 2013).
Provide a Description of Three Factors Associated with Sudden Cardiac Death
There are numerous risk factors associated with an ndividual’s susceptibility to sudden cardiac death. Coronary heart disease and previous heart attack are the two most common risk factors. 75% of victims of a sudden heart attack are thought to have a history of heart failures ( McCance & Huether, 2018) . Therefore, the vulnerability to a sudden cardiac attack is higher in the first six months among individuals who had experienced previous heart failure. Coronary heart disease is another key risk factor of sudden cardiac death. High cholesterol, enlarged heart, and smoking are some of the key factors that are linked to the susceptibility of a coronary heart illness. Dilated cardiomyopathy is another key risk factor of sudden heart death. This a condition characterized by the dilation of the left ventricle which consequently leads to the heart’s inability to pump blood normally ( Segura, Frazier & Buja, 2014).
What are the Possible Complications Post-MI might the NP be Aware of When Caring for John?
The complications resulting from a post-MI can vary widely. Arrhythmias is one particular complication that is likely to occur due to the damage caused by the previous attack on heart muscles ( Marks, 2013). In this complication, the electrical signals responsible for heart control are disrupted ( Marks, 2013). Cardiogenic shock is another life-threatening complication that is associated with heart failure. When the muscles are damaged, the hearts’ ability to pump blood is ultimately undermined. With this condition, the heart is considered unable to supply enough blood to all other parts of the body. Even though the rapture of heart muscles and arteries is a rare condition, it is a possible post-MI complication.
References
Hausenloy, D. J., & Yellon, D. M. (2013). Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a neglected therapeutic target. The Journal of clinical investigation , 123 (1), 92-100.
Marks, A. R. (2013). Calcium cycling proteins and heart failure: mechanisms and therapeutics. The Journal of clinical investigation , 123 (1), 46-52.
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology-E-Book: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children . Elsevier Health Sciences.
Segura, A. M., Frazier, O. H., & Buja, L. M. (2014). Fibrosis and heart failure. Heart failure reviews , 19 (2), 173-185.
