Healthcare service delivery is changing globally, with healthcare incorporating new techniques of rendering the best services to patients. The government has formulated policies that guide practitioners and healthcare facilities in providing healthcare services and patients' welfare. The healthcare industry deals with vast types of situations which need different approaches to achieve quality service delivery. The changes in healthcare over time have influenced innovation and technological advancements. The world has experienced vast technological advances in the healthcare industry and all other disciplines. Technology has played a critical role in making healthcare services efficient while simplifying tasks previously hard to perform for healthcare practitioners ( Alotaibi, 2017) . There must be coordination in every discipline to enable proper service delivery. Healthcare is a very crucial discipline that involves the improvement of human health and saving lives where necessary. Care coordination between practitioners determines the quality of services a facility renders. There are community resources that determine healthcare services accessible to different members of the community. Application of care coordination, technology, and resources based on the community consideration facilitates proper delivery of services to each community member regardless of their financial class, health complication, and any other social or demographical factors. The three healthcare service delivery determinants help practitioners easily handle various health problems in society.
Technology Effects on Patients
Technology has become part of our daily activities. It has shown the immeasurable positive effects it can accrue upon adoption in health facilities. Technology plays a critical role in healthcare decision-making and affecting service delivery to patients. Technology in healthcare services has had both positive and negative effects on patients. Adverse effects are outweighed by progressive effects of technology since, as evident, technology has seen better outcomes for patients. As noted by Roberts (2021), Information and Communication Technology is a technological advancement that has improved communication between all healthcare industry stakeholders, including healthcare practitioners, family members, and patients. In Miguel's case, communication is critical since his situation requires close monitoring as the patient reports shortness of breath when involved in activities. This could indicate the possibility of the patient experiencing a heart attack, requiring quick and sufficient response ensured by ICT. E-prescribing and physicians' electronic order, which involves an electronic command entry that is computerized, enabling physicians to enter medication guidelines using phones or computers, has helped many patients access health services. Also, it allows consultations, tests ordering electronically, and procedures without a patient needing to go to a health facility ( Alotaibi, 2017) . Miguel interacts less with people since he has a sedentary behavior; E-prescribing will enable the physicians to prescribe medications electronically without visiting the hospital. He can report any complication in his body at any time, even when at work, where the physician can respond depending on the urgency.
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Alotaibi (2017) indicates, Electronic medical records (EMR) is a powerful technology that has transformed healthcare since patients' data can be stored on an electronic system. Healthcare practitioners can access patient information, including the patients' health history. In Miguel's case, the physician was able to identify that he has had a history of smoking which could be the cause of the dry coughs the patient is experiencing. With EMR, practitioners can quickly diagnose a medical complication in an emergency case. A patient can attend a virtual visit using telemedicine where the provider can diagnose through a video or audio. There is a possibility of Miguel developing a chronic disease since he is diagnosed with prediabetes. The Electronic incident reporting system could be critical in monitoring Miguel since he could use the system to report extreme health complications. Hospitals have many physicians who work on a shift basis. It consumes time to diagnose a patient even though they have visited the facility previously. EMR has changed that since physicians can access a patient's medical records through EMR, where physicians can respond effectively on time. X-rays, ultrasound, body scanners, and chemotherapy are technological advancements that improve patient outcome s (Roberts, 2021) . Full body scans can be used to scan Miguel's lungs to know the cause of the dry coughs and effects of smoking. It could help discover diseases such as cancer in its initial stages where it can be controlled. Many techniques in the healthcare sector improve service delivery and accountability of practitioners.
Disadvantages of Technological Advancements
However, even with many positive effects, technological advancement has disadvantages that affect the accessibility of healthcare. Since technology is advanced in other disciplines as well, some ill-minded people hack into hospital systems. Cybercrime is on the rise in every sector globally, limiting the use of technology in operation ( Alotaibi, 2017) . EMR and EHR contain vast information regarding different patients. When patients visit hospitals, they give their details such as names, bank details, insurance details, occupation, and residence. The information is electronically stored where cybercriminals access it through hacking into EHR systems. They use insurance details to defraud the insurance firm's money and bank details to control the patient's bank transactions and loot money from such accounts. Technology puts patient's information at risk as there is money robbing from people whose information is stored in weak EHR. As technology is expensive to implement, patients bear the load of the expenses. Most technology-based medications are costly where only a few patients can afford. Advancements such as telemedicine require patients to pay for access. Miguel is a regular employee working at a gas station. It is expected that his income is relatively low; thus, it is hard to afford healthcare. His condition requires applying technological advances to treat him efficiently, but the electronic systems' cost will limit him from using him. Full body scans include the passing of focused electromagnetic beans on a body. These rays could have adverse effects in the future, such as migraines.
Community Resources and Care Coordination
Health is a contribution of both the community and the healthcare practitioners. Care coordination is where all healthcare facility levels communicate to deliver the best services to patients effectively. Rizzo (2017) suggests that organizing patient care activities deliberately and sharing a patient's information to all concerned participants helps achieve more effective and safer effective care. Patients' preferences and needs are communicated on time and known before time to the right person through care coordination, thus delivering appropriate, effective care and safe care to patients (Berkowitz, 2018) . The primary objective of care coordination is to provide high-value and quality healthcare by meeting patient's preferences and needs. Teamwork is critical in care coordination, where healthcare givers work together in healthcare delivery. In Miguel's case, the physician has to effectively diagnosis information through technologies such as E-prescription to a nutritionist within the facility to educate Miguel on what he is supposed to do to prevent full diabetes. The data gets to the nutritionist before Miguel gets to his/her office. Diabetes is a result of poor diets with high or low sugars, which Miguel needs to stop eating. The nutritionist can also follow up on whether the patient is adhering to the prescribed diet through which the patient is supported in self-management objectives.
Community resources play a significant role in access to healthcare, especially to vulnerable groups within a society. Vulnerable groups include migrants, low-income earners, physically disabled, the homeless, among others. Available social resources put these same people at a disadvantage since they cannot access them. Factors such as education, workplace, community-based organizations, food and water availability, income level, health insurance, and life standards determine healthcare services accessibility. Consideration of community resources is critical since it determines the health status and affordability of care. There are community resources such as independent community organizations providing nutritional value is essential since it can be used to do follow-ups on a patient's progress. Websites such as Obesity and Overweight can educate Miguel on his obesity and measures he can take to lose weight. Many health organizations are partnering with CDC to help control health complications such as obesity, depression, diabetes, and prediabetes (Loskutova, 2016) . Miguel has a Hispanic background which might be the main contributor to his current health condition. His incomes are low since he works at a gas station, proven by his obese condition, which poor diets can cause. He might also be facing discrimination and racism because of his racial background. Community-based organizations such as religious centers could help patients regain confidence, eat well and associate themselves more with society. Poor working conditions also affect Miguel as he has a leg with medical issues due to standing for a long time. Therapeutic and gym sessions in the community would not only help mitigate such issues but also reduce weight.
Practice Guidelines on Technological Advancements
Every discipline has its guidelines and standards within it conducts its operations. Healthcare has several policies that guide them on service delivery with the practical application of technology. American Nursing Association indicates that nurses should conduct themselves ethically while applying all nursing standards during practice (Pope, 2017). It is the responsibility of the caregiver to ensure the patient gets the best outcome. The government policies indicate that the hospital has a hierarchical order where every member of the hierarchy should work collaboratively to deliver patients' services. The government requires caregiving that is patient-centered where the patient's preferences and needs should be adhered to. Some patients prefer physical visits, while others prefer virtual sessions. The nurses provide the patients with the medication process they prefer without coercing them to use others. The public health act requires that all patients should be treated equally (Olson, 2016) . Practitioners should treat every patient equally regardless of their social class, ethnicity, or physical status. CDC requires many facilities to collaborate with communities to increase patients outcomes outside health facilities. National Nursing League (NLN) requires that professionals be provided with education regarding technological advancements to reduce possible mistakes in the use of technologies available (Pope, 2017). It will also help the practitioners know what technology to use with which patient.
Conclusion and recommendation
Care collaboration, community resources, and technological advancements have changed the health sector. Healthcare service delivery has become better technological advancement has seen patients with better outcomes upon treatment. Patients with different conditions can now be treated using other technologies. Patients who prefer virtual medical sessions result from low self-esteem, as in Miguel's case, where since he is obese, he has developed a sedentary behavior. Care coordination allows for efficient care delivery. Information gets to the required person on time; thus, a patient is adequately handled depending on the information. As seen in Miguel's case, information about his condition can be electronically shared who by he/she attends to the patient already is already informed. Many community resources are available, especially for a vulnerable member of the society whose collaboration with healthcare can positively patient outcomes. However, the cost of using technology techniques is exceptionally high, making them unaffordable to most people. The government should focus on making such resources affordable for every individual. Also, the technological advancements' side effects on patients should be reduced to increase patient outcomes. Community resources should be available for every member of society with discrimination.
References
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Loskutova, N. Y., Tsai, A. G., Fisher, E. B., LaCruz, D. M., Cherrington, A. L., Harrington, T. M., ... & Pace, W. D. (2016). Patient navigators connecting patients to community resources to improve diabetes outcomes. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine , 29 (1), 78-89.
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Pope, A. M., Snyder, M. A., & Mood, L. H. (2017). Nursing Practice. In Nursing Health, & Environment: Strengthening the Relationship to Improve the Public's Health . Revised. National Academies Press (US).
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Roberts, S., Chaboyer, W., Hopper, Z., & Marshall, A. P. (2021). Using Technology to Promote Patient Engagement in Nutrition Care: A Feasibility Study. Nutrients , 13 (2), 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020314
