Sports have undergone numerous variations in terms of rules, participation, impact, and organization over the past decades. Despite the evolution of the classical Olympic sports, they still closely resemble the modern Olympic games. 1 One of the world’s oldest sports that is still popular today is the hockey sport. Hockey sport comprises of different categories including field hockey, ice hockey, roller hockey, indoor hockey, and street hockey. Different hockey sports are popular in different regions, such as ice hockey in Canada. Hockey sports involves two teams playing against each other, by using sticks to control the ball, the stopper, to the opponent’s goal. The earliest origin of hockey cannot be precisely determined, but it is pointed to originate from Egypt, Persia, and China. Hockey Olympic competition was first inaugurated in 1908 in London, England. The paper seeks to compare and contrast the ancient Olympic sports and modern Olympic sports and determine how historians interpret the historical changes from classical to modern Olympic games.
Classical hockey sports were reserved for men, while women were barred from playing. Hockey games were perceived to require physical strength, speed, skills, and capabilities to play the game, which meant women were unable to participate until 1980. 2 The national teams, leagues, and school competitions recruited only male participants. In modern hockey games, women are allowed to participate in international tournaments such as the Olympic games, leagues, and school competitions. Today, there are both male and female professional hockey players.
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In classical hockey sports, the game was considered as a matter of manhood and pride, meaning the game was dangerous, incorporating chaotic and fierce competition. The classical hockey was competed for months, leading to significant injury and physical damages to the participants. The classical hockey sport involved approximately 100 players in one competition team. The umpires acted as mute spectators and only called if the team requested them. The game rules were later revised to bring logic and organization of the game, limiting the number of players to 30 players. In modern hockey sports, the rules have been revised, bringing sanity to the game. Some of the rules have been revised, making the game a noncontact physical game involving 11 players. 3 The umpires control the game and have authority over the game, making the modern hockey sport have quality and positive competition. The modern hockey game consists of two 35-minute halves and a 7 minutes break in between the halves. In classical hockey sports, the stick that is used to control the ball has evolved. The sticks used in classical hockey games were made of wood and a flat blade. The hockey sticks were later taped by players to strengthen and increase the hold of the blade. The hockey stick was then curved, and bending began in 1957. In modern hockey, the hockey stick is bent to increase the accuracy of ball control. 4 The hockey sticks are made of composite, aluminum, and wood, which are lighter, more durable, and repairable.
Modern hockey games incorporate different aspects, including strategy, psychology, technology, and coaching, to motivate the players and enhance their game. 5 Hockey players are trained and coached with professional coaches and professionals who have experience, knowledge, and skills in hockey. Players are trained on how to control the ball, defend and counter the opponents during practices. This has enhanced the gameplay and levels of hockey game competition. In classical hockey, the game was organized involving participants from different villages, who are selected to fill the required number of participants that are required to play the game. The game does not follow any form of organization, and it only involved the players directing the ball to the opponent's goal.
Hegelian dialect connects the dialect of theories to the historical consciousness forms. Hegel lifted the idea of Sittlichkeit from Montesquieu, who established the concept of the spirit of laws. 6 The Hegelian dialect describes changes in rules concerning consciousness that have evolved in the hockey gameplay. The rule changes include protective, essential, and populist changes. In a playoff game between the New York Rangers and New Jersey Devils, Rangers forward Avery waved his stick and hand in the air to disrupt the concentration of Devils's goalie, Martin Brodeur, making the rangers score. However, no rules were prohibiting this act, but everyone agreed that the manner was against the unwritten rule of hockey. From this case, a rule called "Avery rule" was established, which is used to dictate the behavior of hockey player conduct. 7 This essential change of rules in hockey in classical to modern hockey is crucial in protecting the hockey game from actions that will downgrade its spirit.
Another Hegelian dialect used to describe the changes in a classical and modern hockey game is the protective and populist changes. The protective change was used to protect the hockey players from injuries caused by the game being fast and involving physical contact. 8 The needed protective change the players of the defending team not to come in front of the attacking player to avoid physical injuries between the players. This has evolved the hockey game, which was a dangerous game in classical settings to a safe game in modern hockey game settings.
The populist rule has evolved the hockey game to be more exciting. Hockey is one of the most popular games which has adopted rules to increase the goals scored during the goals. More rules have been established to increase the sale of the hockey game. The rules that have been implemented in the modern hockey gameplay for the sake of populism include restricting the goalie from touching the ball outside the restricted area. In classical hockey, the game was meant political significance to the participants where the players participated in their community. Winning the hockey game meant the winners had political strength against their opponents.
Conclusion
Classical sports and modern sports have different aspects, but they resemble each other. The classical hockey game was perceived to be a dangerous game involving fierce and chaotic competition and was used as a symbol of political strength. Hockey game has evolved over the decades, as seen in modern hockey gameplay, being a fun and exciting sport. In modern hockey, the players rely on strategy, coaching, and organization to compete with their opponents. Hegel dialect is used to describe the changes in terms of logic and consciousness that have transformed the classical and modern hockey games.
Bibliography
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1 Simpson, Michael, and Barbara Goff. Thinking the Olympics: the classical tradition and modern games . Bristol Classical Press, 2011.
2 Hall, M. Ann. The girl and the game: A history of women's sport in Canada . University of Toronto Press, 2016.
3 Hockey Canada. "Articles· by‐laws· regulations· history." (2012).
4 McCloskey, Deirdre N. "Tunzelmann, Schumpeter, and the hockey stick." Research Policy 42, no. 10 (2013): 1706-1715.
5 Guay, Julie L., Brittany M. Lebretore, Jesse M. Main, Katelyn E. DeFrancesco, Jessica L. Taylor, and Sarah M. Amedoro. "The era of sports concussion: Evolution of knowledge, practice, and the role of psychology." American Psychologist , 71, no. 9 (2016): 875.
6 Grondin, Jean. "The Metaphysics of Hockey." Hockey and Philosophy (2015): 97.
7 Kvalens, Øyvind, and Liv B. Hemmestad. "Loophole ethics in sports." (2010).
8 Chong, Alberto, and Pascual Restrepo. "Regulatory protective measures and risky behavior: evidence from ice hockey." Journal of Public Economics 151 (2017): 1-11.
