Collaboration is an influential strategy for developing policy results or improving governance (Imperial, 2005). Direct unilateral act including legislative intervention, lobbying, policy changes, and litigation will remain significant strategies for developing watershed governance.
An increasing number of researchers distinguish the global nature of networks including the roles that such play in organizational and social life as well as their influence in on the implementation of policy (Imperial, 2005). Partly, this is because of the propensity for programs and policies to gather around challenges over time while a policy subsystem advances (Imperial, 2005). It is common to find that: no governmental organization has sufficient knowledge, authority, and resources to influence the achievement and enactment of policy purposes. Instead, as established, policies need the rigorous multiple actors’ efforts, all owning significant aptitudes but each reliant on many others to set policy intention and change it to action (Imperial, 2005).
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Operational level actions can directly enhance environmental (for example, installing sewers to eliminate OSDSs) or indirectly (for instance, the public or educating decision makers) (Imperial, 2005). A common kind of action is the habitat restoration plan where various organizations delivered maintenance, funding, technical expertise, land, design work or engineering, construction, and administration of the finished project (Imperial, 2005).
Collaboration was utilized to advance environmental conditions or improve watershed governance. At an operational level, collective activities enhanced environmental settings by installing BMPs, acquiring land, and restoring habitat or different forms of ecological infrastructure. Collaboration also increased the delivery of government services including data collection, environmental monitoring, training, permitting, and public education (Klijn, 2008). At the level of policy-making, collaborative efforts involved activities, for instance, inter-organizational meetings and ad hoc working groups, which permitted the participants to explore opportunities and create relationships for joint action at an operational level (Klijn, 2008).
References
Imperial, M. T. (2005). Using collaboration as a governance strategy: Lessons from six watershed management programs. Administration and Society , 37(3), 281–320.
Klijn, E. H. (1996). Analyzing and managing policy processes in complex networks: A theoretical examination of the concept policy network and its problems. Administration and Society , 28(1), 90–119.
