The Communicators
For any communication to take place, there must at least two individuals involved. Thus, the communicators of the messages refer to both the sender and the receiver (Lee & Doran, 2017) . The sender is the individual responsible for sending the message, and the receiver is the person who obtains the message who converts language into meaning or thought. This is an invisible process in which the message from the sender is turned from thought into language.
The Message
This is one of the critical components of interpersonal communication. The message is the idea that is conveyed by the sender through speech, gestures, the tone of the voice, facial expression, body language as well as both verbal and non-verbal means (Lee & Doran, 2017) . These elements reveal more information about emotional attitudes which, may underlie the contents of the speech.
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Noise
Noise refers to any form of distortion that affects the process of sending and receiving a message which causes differences in what is obtained from what has been sent. Physical noise is a constant barrier to interpersonal communication. Still, cultural differences, the use of complicated jargon, language differences, disinterest, and inappropriate language can cause inconsistencies or distortion when two people communicate and be regarded as noise (Lee & Doran, 2017) .
Feedback
Feedback is regarded as the message that the recipient conveys, which allows the correspondent to determine how accurately the message was obtained, the receiver's actions, and how the message was interpreted (Lee & Doran, 2017) . Feedback encompasses responses for both intentional and unintentional messages.
Context
The interpretation of the message depends on the context in which the receiver received the message. This could refer to the situational context of where the communication takes place, such as in an office, in a room, or outdoors as well as the roles, statuses, and responsibilities of the participants (Lee & Doran, 2017) . This also includes the emotional climate and the expectations of the members, which will also affect communication.
Channel
Chanel refers to the physical means through which the message is conveyed from the sender to the receiver. Chanel refers to the medium through which the message was transmitted, which could be through face to face communication or through the telephone or electronic mail (Lee & Doran, 2017) .
Importance of Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC)
The common theme between an electrician, a plumber, a chemist, and a contractor is that they all work in teams (Weiss & Tappen, 2015) . These individuals extensively rely on others to reinforce their work to achieve their strategic objectives. Thus, interprofessional communication can be regarded as when people from different professional backgrounds work together to achieve a common purpose (Lee & Doran, 2017) . IPC is at the core of the triple objective of improving patient satisfaction and experience, reducing costs, and improving the health care outcomes of the population (Cortes, 2019) .
Interprofessional collaboration empowers the team members on a patient's medical team, such as nurses, clinicians, emergency response teams, and physicians, to make decisions and recommendations on how to deliver patient-centered care (Lee & Doran, 2017) . Without communication and collaboration, the performance of medical teams deteriorates, leading to medical errors. Effective IPC results in a reduction in medical errors and improves patient outcomes (Cortes, 2019) .
IPC is critical in the coordination of care across healthcare settings. This encourages the sharing of information and working towards a common objective where healthcare professionals learn about the roles and responsibilities of each other (Lee & Doran, 2017) . This promotes the delivery of comprehensive patient care as members from different professions bring their expertise that supports the understanding of the patient's needs. With better-coordinated care and the closure of communication gaps, there is an increase in patient outcomes (Weiss & Tappen, 2015) . Constant interprofessional collaboration helps eliminate patient care challenges such as misdiagnosis, which minimizes readmission rates. Through increased IPC, patients are treated effectively for the first time.
Interpersonal and Interprofessional Collaboration
Effective communication is vital in the provision of patient-centered care. The delivery process in today's healthcare systems entails numerous interfaces and patient transfers among numerous health care professionals with varying levels of educational and occupational training (Lee & Doran, 2017) . Thus, the efficacy of clinical practice involves occasions where critical information must be correctly provided and the promotion of an error-free practice (Weiss & Tappen, 2015) . Challenges in IPC, such as the delivery of coordinated care, demands intricate interpersonal and group communication skills as well as the sensitivity of cultural and professional differences.
Satisfactory IPC in clinical consultation has a considerable impact on health outcomes and influences patient safety (Cortes, 2019) . Based on the role played by the radiologist in the diagnosis of diseases, the collaboration and consultations between radiologists and clinicians in both oral and written forms are vital to mutual communication and clinical understanding (Lee & Doran, 2017) . There are inconsistencies in both verbal and written communication by radiologists, such as the use of improper abbreviations and the use of unclear clinical questions, and wrong choices of examination modes (Weiss & Tappen, 2015) . The inappropriate use of medical abbreviations or the lack of specific terms results in the distortion of the message being conveyed by radiologists to nurses and physicians. This means that the information given by the radiologist is inappropriate, and the feedback given by nurses and clinicians will not result in improved patient outcomes (Lee & Doran, 2017) . The inconsistencies in the information provided by radiologists in regarded as noise due to the use of inappropriate language when filling out request forms (Cortes, 2019) . This could result in improper diagnose being issued to the patient as well as the wrong medication by pharmacists, which could result in medical errors. This means that the physicians have to continually be in communication with the radiology department to ensure the accuracy of the information provided.
To minimize misunderstandings in interpersonal and interprofessional communication in clinical encounters, it is imperative to promote satisfactory communication in both oral and written forms (Lee & Doran, 2017) . Due to cultural diversity and language barriers between radiologists and physicians in interpersonal communication, misunderstandings are bound to happen. To improve communication, there should be consultative meetings between physicians and radiologists so that each part can understand the needs of the other and improve on the quality of information (Weiss & Tappen, 2015) .
Strategies to Promote Interprofessional Collaboration
In interprofessional collaboration, the roles and responsibilities of every member on the team should be clearly defined (Weiss & Tappen, 2015) . In successful teams, each member is relied on to execute their unique function, and if this is not specified, it will lead to weaknesses in the group. Healthcare teams comprise of medication experts, nurses, physicians, and prescribers who attend to the daily needs of the patient (Lee & Doran, 2017) . Each professional must add value and create a collective synergy so that the patients' needs can be effectively met (Cortes, 2019) . While a clear definition of roles is essential, members must acknowledge that the need for some "overlap" of skills where they must step out of their traditional roles to ensure that the needs of the patient are met (Weiss & Tappen, 2015) .
Healthcare practices should promote multidisciplinary rounds to improve IPC between departments. Nurses and physicians should encourage members in their teams to take advantage of such opportunities to get clarifications, ask questions, and discuss the goals of the patient with other professionals on the team (Lee & Doran, 2017) . This allows team members to hold discussions and participate in the delivery of patient care. These sessions are also vital for the transfer of knowledge on the interventions of care and diagnoses that ensure that each professional concurs with what is best for the patient (Cortes, 2019) .
Strategies to Build Interprofessional Collaboration
The most effective way to build interprofessional collaboration is through the development of efficient interprofessional relationships. Relationships are described as the agreements that individuals establish with each other to help accomplish objectives (Weiss & Tappen, 2015) . For example, nurses can develop good relationships with physicians to that information about the patient's needs can be honestly shared, both parties must also pay attention to the needs the parent and demonstrate respect and concern for one another (Lee & Doran, 2017) . This helps realize the tasks and requirements of the patient in receiving adequate care. When physicians and nurses listen and agree on the health care concerns of the patient, through a collaborative effort, they provide the patient with relevant information to help maintain their health and help them cope with any anxieties and fears that they may have relating to their health conditions (Weiss & Tappen, 2015) . When the roles of the physician and nurses are aligned, they help establish good relationships with their patients, and this encourages them to share relevant information about their health histories and the conditions affecting them.
The use of interpersonal communication is vital in building and maintaining interprofessional collaborative relationships. In a team setting, interpersonal communication is used to learn about and meet shared relational expectations (Lee & Doran, 2017) . Interpersonal communication includes how individual members of the team want to be addressed, the language to be used, the way emotion is expressed, and how power and control are shared (Cortes, 2019) . Through interpersonal communication, people can learn about the expectation of others by observing their responses. Interpersonal communication promotes interprofessional collaboration as people can communicate and enforce relational expectations intelligently (Weiss & Tappen, 2015) . The more diverse healthcare teams can meet the expectation of individual team members, the more comfortable they will feel with each other and want to meet the relational expectations of their colleagues on the team (Lee & Doran, 2017) . Therefore, interprofessional collaboration is vital as it enables interdependent and interdisciplinary teams to share the needed expertise for making essential and mutual health care decisions that meet the needs of the patient.
References
Cortes, T. (2019). Building Interprofessional Teams Through Partnerships to Address Quality. Nursing Science Quarterly , 32 (4), 288-290. doi: 10.1177/0894318419864343
Lee, C., & Doran, D. (2017). The Role of Interpersonal Relations in Healthcare Team Communication and Patient Safety. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research , 49 (2), 75-93. doi: 10.1177/0844562117699349
Weiss, S., & Tappen, R. (2015). Essentials of nursing leadership and management . Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
