Consent
Consent is a principle of ethics that protects the rights of a patient or client. This principle ensures that patients have adequate information before undergoing any form of diagnostic, preventive or therapeutic medical intervention ( Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2015) . This means that the concerned individual has the right to withdraw their consent at any given time, and this decision should be respected. According to Parens (2015) informed consent is used to prevent physicians from coercing their clients into making decisions. Therefore, patients should be provided with adequate and comprehensive information before taking part in any research study. A researcher should ensure that the participants of a research are protected using consent by ensuring that there is no form of prejudice or disadvantage, and any exception to the governing principles of consent should follow ethical and legal standards (Yip et al., 2016). Additionally, research concerning a group of people or a community should include additional ethical agreement and legal representatives.
Sharing of benefits
This principle of ethics refers explains that the benefits that are as a result of the scientific research and its applications should be mutually shared globally. Thus, both developed and developing countries have the right to benefit from the outcomes of scientific research and experiments (Millum, 2012). The benefits of scientific research and its applications include giving special recognition and acknowledgement of the participants that have contributed to the research; provision of quality health services; accessibility to improved diagnostic and therapeutic treatments or products that have been discovered through research; offering support to health services; providing access to scientific and technological knowledge; opportunity to develop facilities for research purposes; as well as other benefits that are associated with the principles outlined in the declaration ( Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2015) . Therefore, researchers have the responsibility of ensuring that the outlined benefits of a study are shared in the global community, and the benefits should not include unethical incentives to coerce the participants.
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References
Melnyk, B. & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2015). Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing & Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice . Wolters Kluwer.
Millum J. (2012). Sharing the benefits of research fairly: two approaches. Journal of medical ethics , 38 (4), 219–223. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100118
Parens, E. (2015). Drifting away from informed consent in the era of personalized medicine. Hastings Center Report , 45 (4), 16-20.
Yip, C., Han, N. R., & Sng, B. L. (2016). Legal and ethical issues in research. Indian journal of anaesthesia , 60 (9), 684–688. doi:10.4103/0019-5049.190627
