Definition of Criminal Behavior
Friedman, H. S. (2015). Encyclopedia of mental health . Academic Press.
The aim of the book was to discuss the concept of criminality and criminal behavior. Criminal behavior was defined as a state where an individual is not properly socialized and thus engages in breaking laws and rules established by society. The author also explored common factors that characterize individuals that commit a crime. The methodology applied by the author in the investigation involved using past research and theories to create an understanding of criminality and criminal behavior. One of the key observations by the author was the theory that criminal behavior has a strong association with human nature. Friedman (2015) also established that criminal behavior is associated with a variety of mental disorders.
Hagan, F. E., & Daigle, L. E. (2018). Introduction to criminology: Theories, methods, and criminal behavior . Sage Publications.
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The aim of the book was to analyze the concept of criminology and consider the different theories and methods of criminal behavior. The theoretical foundations of the book were to identifying various theories that have been used to describe criminal behavior. One of the key theories mentioned was that of nature vs nurture. The authors observed that human behavior was an interaction between biological and environmental factors. The methodology applied involved using research from different sources to further understand the concept of criminal behavior. The author also differentiated between criminology, criminal behavior, and deviant behavior. Criminology was defined as a science and discipline that studies crime and criminal behavior. Deviant behavior was defined as the range of activities that society could view as annoying, bizarre, dangerous, and outlandish.
Schiller, J., Black, W., & Murphy, P. V. (2010). Chapter 16. Crime and criminality. Crime and Criminality , 1-23.
The aim of the authors was to discuss the interactions between crime, criminality, and criminal behavior. The theoretical underpinnings of the research were based on understanding the concept of crime and criminality by considering the social and legal issues surrounding it. Therefore, one of the key strengths of the research was that it was based on various legal concepts and definitions. The authors established the legal definition of crime as acts or omissions forbidden by law that could be punished through a fine or imprisonment. The behavioral definition of a crime was identified as the identification of a certain personality profile that causes the most alarming crimes. Criminal behavior was identified to refer to the complex interaction between social, ecological, and individual factors that can lead to crime.
Characteristics Contributing to Repeat Crime Offenders
Holland, S., & Persson, P. (2011). Intellectual disability in the Victorian prison system: Characteristics of prisoners with an intellectual disability released from prison in 2003–2006. Psychology, Crime & Law , 17 (1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160903392285
The aim of the article was to determine whether intellectual disability can have an impact on reoffending. The theoretical underpinning of the study was that people with an intellectual disability differ from those with a non-intellectual disability and can manage their rehabilitation differently. The sample selected for the study were 102 individuals with disability previously released from prison, and they were compared to non-intellectually disabled prisoners, also released on a similar time period. The results of the study indicated that individuals with intellectual disability had a high-risk factor of reoffending. Additionally, the study revealed the intellectually disabled were more likely to have negative interactions and challenges when dealing with the criminal justice system. The study is relevant to the current study as it identifies how the characteristic of intellectual disability can lead to an increase in the rate of reoffending.
Stahler, G. J., Mennis, J., Belenko, S., Welsh, W. N., Hiller, M. L., & Zajac, G. (2013). Predicting recidivism for released state prison offenders: Examining the influence of individual and neighborhood characteristics and spatial contagion on the likelihood of reincarceration. Criminal justice and behavior , 40 (6), 690-711. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0093854812469609
The aim of the study was to examine the influence of neighborhood characteristics that can be used to predict recidivism and reoffending. The methodology applied involved collecting about 5,354 participants released from Pennsylvania state prisons. The study investigated different variables among the participants, like their demographic characteristics, offense type, neighborhood variables, and drug involvement. The study used logistic regression and geographic information systems to investigate the interactions among the variables. The results revealed that the likelihood of reincarceration increased with drug involvement, the male gender, the offense type, and living in a region with higher rates of recidivism. The study was relevant to the current research as it identified specific characteristic and factors that can lead to an increase in the rate of reoffending.
Dennison, S., & Leclerc, B. (2011). Developmental factors in adolescent child sexual offenders: A comparison of nonrepeat and repeat sexual offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 38 (11), 1089-1102. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0093854811417076
The aim of the study was to investigate whether development factors can be used to differentiate repeat and nonrepeat sexual offenders. The theoretical approach of the research was that individuals that experienced poor development factors are more likely to become sexual offenders. The method applied in the study involved comparing a sample of nonrepeat sexual offenders (n=80) and repeat sexual offenders (n=27). The results of the study revealed that individuals that had a history of sexual abuse and victimization were more likely to be classified as repeat sexual offenders. The study was relevant as it enhanced the understanding of how the history of violence and sexual offense can be a characteristic that predicts reoffending.
Huw Williams, W., Cordan, G., Mewse, A. J., Tonks, J., & Burgess, C. N. (2010). Self-reported traumatic brain injury in young male offenders: a risk factor for reoffending, poor mental health and violence? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 20 (6), 801-812.
The aim of the study was to investigate whether traumatic brain injury among young male offenders could be a risk factor for reoffending and violence. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) was identified as a risk factor for poor mental health and for offending. The method used to conduct the study involved collecting data from young male offenders between the ages of 11 and 19. A total of 197 participants were approached, and they completed a report on TBI, drug use, mental health and criminal history. TBI was repeated among 19.1% of the participants. The results also revealed that those with TBI had worse mental health outcomes and were at the most risk of reoffending. The research is relevant to the study about how reoffending can be caused by TBI and poor mental health.
van der Put, C. E., Deković, M., Hoeve, M., Stams, G. J. J., van der Laan, P. H., & Langewouters, F. E. (2014). Risk assessment of girls: Are there any sex differences in risk factors for reoffending and in risk profiles?. Crime & Delinquency , 60 (7), 1033-1056. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0011128710384776
The aim of the study was to investigate whether sex differences could be a risk factor for reoffending. The study also provided a risk assessment model for girls to determine the risk factors for reoffending. The method applied to conduct the research involved collecting data from 1,396 adolescents that had committed a criminal offense. The relationship between gender and reoffending was then investigated. The results established that there are sex-specific risk factors that can determine reoffending. The girl-specific risk factor established was their family domains. The study also identified that the highest risk groups for reoffending had a delinquent parent and were victims of abuse. The study is relevant to the current study as it shows how family history can be a characteristic that increases the rate of reoffending.
Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Långström, N., Larsson, H., & Fazel, S. (2016). Association between prescription of major psychotropic medications and violent reoffending after prison release. Jama , 316 (17), 1798-1807. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.15380
The aim of the study was to investigate whether the use of major psychotic medications can impact the rate of violent reoffending after being released from prison. The theoretical framework was that psychotropic medications lead to better mental health outcomes and can reduce reoffending. The methodology involved gathering dater from 22,275 released prisoners and identifying the personal data that identified whether the individuals were under medication or not. The results of the study showed that the treatment for disorders significantly reduced the rate of reoffending. The most effective prison program identified was that of psychological treatments for substance abuse. The results were relevant to the current study as they showed that the lack of treatment for disorders and mental illness could be a characteristic that increases reoffending.
Mundia, L., Matzin, R., Mahalle, S., Hamid, M. H. S., & Osman, R. S. (2017). Roles of psychopathic personality, mental health, and recidivism in criminal behavior: Survey of Brunei inmates. Asian Journal of Criminology , 12 (4), 255-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-017-9249-6
The aim of the study was to analyze the role played by psychopathic personality and mental health in predicting recidivism in criminal behavior. The methodology used involved collecting a random of 64 convicts from both genders. The participants had engaged in different types of crimes, such as stealing, violence, sex, and deception. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the mental health, psychopathic, and demographic variables related to committing crimes. The results showed that the biggest predictor of recidivism were individuals of the male gender that had various mental illnesses such as psychoticism, antisocial disorder, and depression. The study was relevant to the current study as it identified specific characteristics of mental illnesses that can predict reoffending.
References
Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., Långström, N., Larsson, H., & Fazel, S. (2016). Association between prescription of major psychotropic medications and violent reoffending after prison release. Jama , 316 (17), 1798-1807. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.15380
Dennison, S., & Leclerc, B. (2011). Developmental factors in adolescent child sexual offenders: A comparison of nonrepeat and repeat sexual offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 38 (11), 1089-1102. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0093854811417076
Friedman, H. S. (2015). Encyclopedia of mental health . Academic Press.
Hagan, F. E., & Daigle, L. E. (2018). Introduction to criminology: Theories, methods, and criminal behavior . Sage Publications.
Holland, S., & Persson, P. (2011). Intellectual disability in the Victorian prison system: Characteristics of prisoners with an intellectual disability released from prison in 2003–2006. Psychology, Crime & Law , 17 (1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10683160903392285
Huw Williams, W., Cordan, G., Mewse, A. J., Tonks, J., & Burgess, C. N. (2010). Self-reported traumatic brain injury in young male offenders: a risk factor for reoffending, poor mental health and violence? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 20 (6), 801-812. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2010.519613
Mundia, L., Matzin, R., Mahalle, S., Hamid, M. H. S., & Osman, R. S. (2017). Roles of psychopathic personality, mental health, and recidivism in criminal behavior: Survey of Brunei inmates. Asian Journal of Criminology , 12 (4), 255-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-017-9249-6
Stahler, G. J., Mennis, J., Belenko, S., Welsh, W. N., Hiller, M. L., & Zajac, G. (2013). Predicting recidivism for released state prison offenders: Examining the influence of individual and neighborhood characteristics and spatial contagion on the likelihood of reincarceration. Criminal justice and behavior , 40 (6), 690-711. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0093854812469609
Schiller, J., Black, W., & Murphy, P. V. (2010). Chapter 16. Crime and criminality. Crime and Criminality , 1-23.
van der Put, C. E., Deković, M., Hoeve, M., Stams, G. J. J., van der Laan, P. H., & Langewouters, F. E. (2014). Risk assessment of girls: Are there any sex differences in risk factors for reoffending and in risk profiles?. Crime & Delinquency , 60 (7), 1033-1056. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0011128710384776
