1. How the nurse will approach the parents
The nurse will engage the parent in question and answer session to know the past medical history of the child. After the conversation, the nurse will take the patient for a physical examination to gain insight into the condition the child is having.
2. What the nurse is suspecting
The nurse is presuming that the twelve-year-old S is suffering from Diabetes. The sickly sweet scent in the room may be because the child wets the bed during the night resulting in the loss of blood sugar through the urine. High blood sugar levels characterize diabetes. In this regard, children with diabetes might pass a lot of urine, which might have a sickly sweet scent because of the blood sugar that the child loses through the urine. If diabetes is not treated, the child can feel tired in most cases and have a sweet, fruity, alcohol-like smell on their breath.
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3. Other manifestations associated with the diagnosis
The other symptoms of diabetes include too much urine passage, an increase in the level of thirst, fatigue, weight loss, and hunger, even though one is eating.
4. Diagnostic findings that would support the diagnosis
The presence of a high blood sugar level, which is an indication that the patient has a high hemoglobin level attached to the sugar. Lack of insulin, loss of weight, abdominal pain and the confirmation of seizure by the patient.
5. Pathophysiology associated with diabetes
Diabetes is caused by the absolute destruction of the pancreatic islet B cell. In essence, the immune system of a patient attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin. The absence of these cells lead to insulin deficiency; the reason why diabetes is described as an autoimmune disease. The disease destroys the pancreases islet and lymphocytic infiltration. Diabetes requires insulin therapy because it does not respond to insulin-stimulation or the administration of an oral drug. The pathophysiology behind the symptoms includes polydipsia, which is due to the presence of high level of glucose in the blood that raises the osmolality of the blood, thus increasing its concentration. Others include weight loss due to the loss of calories in the urine.
6. Manifestations associated with diabetes
The indications include polyuria, which is due to the excessive intake of fluid caused by polydipsia and the urinations induced by glucose. Polyphagia is also common among patients with diabetes. The symptom is due to the loss of excess glucose in the urine that leads to demand for more glucose by the body. Diabetic retinopathy that occurs due to the damage of the blood vessels of the retina in the eye when the vessels are exposed to high blood sugar. Others include diabetic foot and damage to the kidney ( Rockefeller, 2015).
7. The difference in the types of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body attacks its pancreas with antibodies. This type of diabetes can also occur due to genetic predisposition. Faulty beta cells in the pancreas that fail to produce insulin in the body also cause type 1 diabetes (Johansen and Dagogo-Jack, 2012) . In contrast, Type 2 diabetes occurs when the muscle, liver, and the fat cells do not appropriately use the insulin in the body, a condition known as insulin resistance ( Johansen et al., 2012) .
8. Possible complications related to poorly controlled diabetes
The potential complications include kidney damage due to renal disease, foot damage, eye damage also known as diabetic retinopathy that occurs due to the destruction of the blood vessels of the retina in the eye when they are exposed to high blood sugar. Other complications include irritating skin conditions.
References
Rockefeller, J. (2015). Diabetes: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment and Prevention . J.D. Rockefeller.
Johansen, K., & Dagogo-Jack, S. (2012). Diabetes Guide . Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media.
