Implicit biases are attitude-behavior that a person may have towards other people or the act of stereotyping other individuals without having conscious knowledge of doing it (Perception Institute, 2018) . For instance, various studies have indicated that Caucasians associate black individuals with criminal activities without having a realization that they are doing it. Implicit biases are activated involuntarily without one's awareness or intentional control (Perception Institute, 2018) . It resides deep within our subconscious and cannot be accessed through introspection. Stereotypes, on the other hand, are false classificatory concepts in which a person may exhibit robust emotional feelings involving tones of likes or dislikes, or approval or disapproval (Deeksha) . Accordingly, they are personal attitudes that are strong ly inter-conditioned by collective contacts thus making them highly standardized and uniform within various groups. They may also be composite ideas or even beliefs that make up the picture in the heads of human beings, meaning that every other experience that an individual acquires in the past will determine their perception concerning a specific object or moment (Deeksha) . Stereotypes actively define the category of facts that we see and the light and shadow that we cast upon them.
Difference between Explicit Stereotyping and Stereotyping Attitudes
Stereotyping attitudes refer to standardized images behind which specific meanings occur in commonality with members of particular groups (Ufl.edu, 2002) . More importantly, they may be images or even opinions with oversimplified conceptions. Accordingly, stereotype attitudes are fundamentally generalizations that are based on minimal information accepted as a fact without question concerning a group of individuals (Ufl.edu, 2002) . Explicit stereotyping, on the other hand, are the conscious attitudes or beliefs that an individual may have concerning another person or group of people (Perception Institute, 2018) . O ften, explicit stereotyping in addition to their expressions arises from perceived direct threats. In other words, it is human nature to draw group limits as a way of distinguishing themselves if they feel they are in danger. For instance, various studies indicate that whites have high likelihoods of expressing anti-Muslim prejudices if they feel that national security is at risk. Thus, they express more negative attitudes towards Asian-Americans (Perception Institute, 2018) .
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Ways in Which Biases Might Affect Courtroom Proceedings
Human beings often do not have an understanding of how their minds work and the biases that they carry with them. People mostly view the world and make decisions basing on their gut reactions, perceived ideologies and circumstantial pieces of evidence (Suttie, 2015) . Benforado state that, “when we are presented with information, our minds are busy bending facts, swaying off inconvenient corners, and tossing away contradictory information so that everything can be fit in our ready-made boxes.”(as cited in Suttie, 2015). These factors often result in ugly outcomes. Biases lead to the use of some overly aggressive tactics such as lying about evidence that is possessed by the police, therefore, making innocent minorities to confess on crimes that they did not commit (Suttie, 2015) . Various studies i ndicate that filmed confessions basing on the questioner's perspectives have high likelihoods of being believed as compared to disclosures coming from defendants perceptions. Research has noted that unfairness during court proceedings have been experienced on multiple occasions since the justice system depends on the jurisdiction to which a defendant lives in (Suttie, 2015) . Consequently, studies show that race, affability, perceived attractiveness and nervous behaviors of a defendant predominantly influence the rates at which they are convicted or the duration of their sentences (Suttie, 2015) . Further more, it has been noted that the juries sometimes are swayed by the voice or behaviors of attorneys, a factor that leads them to trust incorrect information or even ignore crucial clues in cases.
How Racial Disparity in Sentencing Affects Judicial Proceedings
Racial disparity is often operated on the assumption that minorities are criminals, an ideology that negatively affects innocents. The criminal justice system has therefore made crime an issue that is related to race (Kamalu, Coulson-Clark, & Kamalu, 2010) . As it turns out, individuals who are in possession of illicit drugs in additi on to law-abiding minorities mostly are treated as criminals. The continuous incarceration of African-Americans in the criminal justice system has fundamentally made law enforcement officials to increases their motives of acquiring more resources to apprehend more blacks and Hispanics alike (Kamalu, Coulson-Clark, & Kamalu, 2010) . T reating innocents as guilty people results in great casualties in which the American constitution is left crying out for the rule of law and the equal protection of American citizens under state laws. More importantly, minorities end up losing the little faith they have in the system in addition to the integrity of the systems’ processes to uphold their constitutional and civil rights.
For instance, in 2002, nationally it was found that African-Americans were incarcerated seven times the rate of whites, while the percentage of Latinos was found to be at 2.5% (Kamalu, Coulson-Clark, & Kamalu, 2010) . Furthermore, although the population of all blacks and Latinos makes up 25% of the total population in America, in 2002, they comprised 68% of the total prison population (Kamalu, Coulson-Clark, & Kamalu, 2010) . Moreover, African- Americans are imprisoned at the rate of eight times compared to whites. Accordingly, studies indicate that African-Americans and Hispanic individuals were more likely compared to Caucasians to be sentenced to prison especially if they were young, male and unemployed (Kamalu, Coulson-Clark, & Kamalu, 2010) .
The Importance of Diversity in Courtrooms and Corrections Employees
Studies indicate that defendants constantly benefit from having diverse jury even in cases that do not directly comprise of racial issues. For instance, it has been found that parties who are interested in fair trials benefit from a diverse jury that is represented in a society (Marinakis, 2015) . A varied panel mostly leaves a positive impression on the public. A large percentage of individuals are more accepting towards verdicts that are rendered by diverse juries for they view them as legitimate. Their faith in the justice system is enhanced as they feel that their points of view are well represented in the panels that decide them (Marinakis, 2015) . More importantly, viewpoints in several courtrooms enhance the process of deliberation. For instance, in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling on Peters VS Kiff, 407 U.S. 493, 503 (1997), Justice Thurgood Marshall states that “When any large and identifiable segment of the community is excluded from jury service, the effect is to remove from the jury room qualities of human nature and varieties of human experience, the range of which is unknown and perhaps unknowable.”(as cited in Marinakis, 2015). Consequently, diversity helps to reduce the likelihood of group thinking to avoid instances in which irrational or poor decisions are made while rendering verdicts.
References
Deeksha, S. (n.d.). Stereotypes: Definition, Nature, and Causes |Psychology. Retrieved from Psychology Discussion: http://www.psychologydiscussion.net/social-psychology-2/stereotypes/stereotypes-definition-nature-and-causes-psychology/1372
Kamalu, N. C., Coulson-Clark, M., & Kamalu, N. M. (2010). Racial Disparities in Sentencing: Implications for the Criminal Justice System and the African American Community. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies, 4 (1), 1-32.
Marinakis, C. (2015, September 30). What are the Benefits of Having Diversity in a Jury Panel ? Retrieved from Litigation Insights: http://litigationinsights.com/jurors/benefits-diversity-jury/
Perception Institute. (2018, August 10). Explicit Bias. Retrieved from Perception Institute: https://perception.org/research/explicit-bias/
Perception Institute. (2018, August 10th). Implicit Bias. Retrieved from Perception Institute: https://perception.org/research/implicit-bias/
Suttie, J. (2015, September 22). How Bias Warps Criminal Justice. Retrieved from Greater Good Magazine: https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_bias_warps_criminal_justice
Ufl.edu. (2002, Spring). What is Stereotyping? Retrieved from http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring02/chandler/what-is-stereotyping-page.htm
