Drosophila melanogaster , fruit fly, allows researching concerning mutation in genes due to the small size of the fly, a few numbers of chromosomes, and short life cycle. Drosophila melanogaster gene has been sequenced successfully and then extremely annotated. The Drosophila melanogaster has only five chromosomes, and these are 3R, 3L, 2R, 2L, and X, which has approximately 125 million base pairs only of DNA, and this encodes from about 14,000 confirmed and predicted genes ( Caizzi et al., 1987). There are also large collections of Drosophila melanogaster stocks that are available for the investigation of some specific phenotypes and then for the identification of genetic mutations. The stocks of Drosophila melanogaster comprise but are not restricted to approximately 19,000 P-elements, inserted in the genome of the fly, which disrupts the function of the gene. Radiation and chemically prompted mutants and the assembly of roughly 22,000 transgenic mutants, which harbors some minor and specific interfering RNAs (si-RNA) generated to examine knockdown of the genes tissue-specific (Pool & Charles, 2017). There have also been a generation of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps engendered for the facilitation of mapping of strains and the annotation of the bioinformatics database, which is found at www.flybase.org. Therefore, it is easy to study the fruit fly since it has been highly examined, and the genes marked for their responsible role in mutation.
Among the most common mutants found in Drosophila Melanogaster include the ebony and black mutants and a phenotypic mutation that dictates the body color. The presence of the ebony allele results in cellular regulation related problem in the Drosophila Melanogaster. The ebony mutant is resistant in the wild type form of Drosophila Melanogaster. The ebony gene ( e ) is found in the 3R chromosome, and its sequence location is 21,229, 839,237,177 bp. The recombination map for this gene is 3-71, and its cytogenetic map for Drosophila Melanogaster is 93C7-993D1. It also has a protein-coding and an autosomal gene responsible for building up tanned color pigments.
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The black body mutants (b) are found in 2L chromosomes and have a sequence location of 13,821,248-13,823,979 pb. The recombination map for this is 2-49, while its cytogenetic map is 34D1-34D1. The mutant gene has a recessive inheritance hence only expressed in organism phenotype when found in the genotypically homozygous recessive (Genome Data Viewer, 2017). The Drosophila Melanogaster black mutant genotype is b/b, and the possible wild type is likely to be +/+ or b/+. In the wild type Drosophila Melanogaster, the gene presents itself in the ratio of 3:1, giving favor to the wild and dominant allele.
When this is defective, then the black pigment accumulates in all the body of Drosophila Melanogaster. The ebony mutant phenotype and genotype expression is e/e; the wild genotype is e/+ or +/+. Correlation between mutant gene e/e and behavioral effects on Drosophila Melanogaster is due to the ebony mutant interfering with the fruit fly's different biochemical processes. The Ebony gene has an altered transcription pattern than wild type (Gramates et al., 2017). The Fly Base Consortium has reported that the ebony gene is linked to beta-alanine to different biogenic amines such as histamine or dopamine. There, it regulates the quantity of free biogenic amine like dopamine in forming cuticle and histamine in visual signal transduction in the Drosophila melanogaster eye.
Additionally, it involves behavioral rhythmicity. The rations of the dark body are likely to vary due to crossing over events. The dark body mutants are associated with other chromosomes II genes, such as cinnabar eyes (cn) and vestigial wings (vg).
Ebony mutant wild type
Reference
Caizzi, R., Ferruccio R., Rolf-Peter R., Sabine R., & Benard H., (1987). "Characterization Of The Ebony Locus In Drosophila Melanogaster." MGG Molecular & General Genetics 206 (1): 66-70. doi:10.1007/bf00326537.
"Genome Data Viewer." (2017). Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/gdv/browser/?context=genome&acc=GCF_000001215.4 .
Granites LS, Marygold SJ, dos Santos G, Urbano J-M, Antonio G, Matthews BB, Rey AJ, Tabone CJ, Crosby MA, Emmert DB, Falls K, Goodman JL, Hu Y, Ponting L, Schroeder AJ, Strelets VB, Thurmond J, Zhou P, and the FlyBase Consortium. (2017)
"Mutant Fruit Flies: Exploratorium Exhibit. Mutations In Each Fly's Genetic Code Have Altered Their Colors And Shapes". 2017. Exploratorium.Edu . http://bugscope.beckman.uiuc.edu/pdfs/insects/mutant.pdf .
Kim, N., Kim, J., Park, D., Rosen, C., Dorsett, D., Yim, J., (1996) Structure and expression of wild-type and suppressible alleles of the Drosophila purple gene. Genetics 142 : 1157-1168.
Pool, J., & Charles, F. A. (2017). "The Genetic Basis Of Adaptive Pigmentation Variation In Drosophila Melanogaster." Molecular Ecology 16 (14): 2844-2851. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03324.x.
