Dysmenorrhea is a condition that occurs during menstruation which presents itself in the form of cramps that are painful ( Iacovides et al., 2015). It is among the major causes of pelvic pain. One of the diagnoses of the disorder is through the pelvic examination process. The doctors inquire about the symptoms and information concerning the menstrual cycle of the ailment. By the use of a speculum which is inserted in the patient to examine the pelvic, the doctor is able to examine the vagina, uterus and cervix in order to find out in case of any lumps and abnormalities. Patients experience abnormal bleeding and intense abdominal pain.
The condition is a major cause of school absenteeism among adolescent girls. It limits their social and academic programs provided that most of the students are reluctant to seek medical assistance. It negatively affects school performance. Possible pathophysiological importance in dysmenorrhea includes hyperactivity of the myometrium which is accompanies by uterine ischemia (Jiang & Cheng, 2016) . This is the major cause of pain. There is the involvement of prostaglandins in the onset of myometrial hyperactivity.
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Differential diagnoses of dysmenorrhea in females who are young and healthy include primary dysmenorrhea, secondary dysmenorrhea, adenomyosis, endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory diseases, cervical stenosis, endometrial polyps and cyst. Clinical management of dysmenorrhea is by using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as the initial treatment for primary dysmenorrhea (Shirvani et al., 2015) , one can use oral contraceptives as they are effective to relieve the symptoms and through the combination of hormonal contraceptives together with intramuscular, intrauterine and subcutaneous contraceptives which only contain progestin for dysmenorrhea that is caused by endometriosis.
References
Iacovides, S., Avidon, I., & Baker, F. C. (2015). What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Human reproduction update , 21 (6), 762-778.
Jiang, C., & Cheng, Z. (2016). Update of recent studies of adenomyosis-associated dysmenorrhea. Gynecology and Minimally Invasive Therapy , 5 (4), 137-140.
Shirvani, M. A., Motahari-Tabari, N., & Alipour, A. (2015). The effect of mefenamic acid and ginger on pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics , 291 (6), 1277-1281.
