Good nutritional status is significant in helping the body maintain its functions so that individuals can develop and lead healthy lives. Proper nutrition comes from consuming foods rich in vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, and fibers. If any of this is missing, the results can be malnutrition and disease. This paper examines some of the dietary recommendations that can help in preventing and treating some diseases.
Coronary heart disease is a disease that occurs because of the narrowing of coronary arteries, reducing blood and oxygen supply in the heart. People with the disease are at the risk of developing heart attack and angina. However, are many risks factors make the likelihood of developing the disease much higher. One of the risk factors is uncontrolled blood pressure which results in the hardening and thickening of the arteries narrowing the channels through which blood can flow. High-fat cholesterol levels in the blood and body can cause a high level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol which can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis (LeFevre, 2014). People with diabetes also are at a much higher risk because of high blood sugar and raised blood lipids. This combination helps in furring up the blockage of arteries hence increasing the risk of CHD. Being overweight or obese generally increases the chances of a heart attack. Overweight people are known to have high cholesterol and high blood pressure.
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The nutritional diet that is often recommended for people with coronary heart disease includes AHA restricted fat intake. This diet requires patients to reduce the number of fats in their diet but instead to use monounsaturated fats ( Nix, 2016) . These fats include olive oil, coconut oil alongside with low-calorie intake. This kind of diet also advocates that individuals include vegetables in their daily food intake. A low-carbohydrate intake has also been repeatedly documented to reduce the number of sugars in the blood. Besides, this kind of diet has been proven to help individuals in losing weight. Daily exercises have been shown to improve cardiovascular health.
Type I and II diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes. It occurs when the antibodies start attacking the pancreas hence limiting it from making the needed insulin. This type of diabetes may be as a result of genetic predisposition, but it can also be because of failure of the pancreas to produce insulin. The treatment of Diabetes I involves taking insulin, which is injected into the fatty tissue of the body. In type II Diabetes, the autoimmune system does not attack the beta cells ( Dabelea et al.,2017). The pancreas instead fails to produce to meet the body’s needs. Type 2 diabetes can be controlled through nutrition management, weight exercises, and exercises.
Kidneys are internal organs that are located underneath the stomach and the intestines. The kidney plays an essential role by filtering wastes and nutrients for other cellular uses. They, therefore, perform their homeostatic functions through the following ways. Kidneys secrete a hormone known as Renin which works by maintaining healthy blood pressure. If the blood pressure of an individual drastically drops or rises very high the renin hormone causes a chain of reaction that stabilizes the blood pressure. Regarding extracellular fluid volume, the angiotensin system works by ensuring the levels of sodium in the blood are regulated to ensure they do not damage the arteries around the kidney leading to kidney disease. The organ also helps in balancing and controlling some elements such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium in the renal filtrate through excretion. The kidneys maintain acid-balance by reabsorbing bicarbonates found in the urine and excreting hydrogen ions into the urine. For instance, if the blood pH is below average, the kidney conserve the hydrogen ion and also reduces the loss of bicarbonates
Problems of the Accessory glands and nutritional remedies
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is involved in the absorption of food. It comprises primary organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach and the large intestines. It also includes the accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder and the pancreas. Numerous problems are associated with the organs and may lead to serious health implications. Cirrhosis is one of the accessory disorder that is found in the liver and is characterized by cell loss( Cullen & Barnes, 2015). In the process of cell loss, there occurs a fatty infiltration that leads to the liver not functioning properly. The dietary treatment of this illness is at least 25 calories and 1 gram of proteins per day. Supplements of vitamins and minerals are often required. In some severe cases, fats and sodium intake are usually restricted. The inflammation of the liver causes hepatitis. Treatment of disease involves plenty of fluids and medical nutrition therapy. Carbohydrates with moderate fats are often recommended to prevent necrosis. Patients are often advised to rake smaller meals rather than large ones. Cholecystitis and Cholelithiasis are diseases caused by the inflammation of the gallbladder inhibiting the flow of bile. This can affect cholesterol regulation causing it to harden thereby leading to the formation of gallstones. Medical nutrition therapy involves taking a clear liquid diet regularly but should be fat restricted to help in dissolving all the gallstones ( Nix, 2016). Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas caused by surgeries or alcoholism leading to the reduction of pancreatic secretions and bile. Patients suffering from this disease are advised to feed on carbohydrates and proteins to enhance pancreatic secretions frequently. Vitamin supplements are often prescribed to the patient suffering from the illness.
Cancer and HIV AIDS are discussed in relations to the body’s immune system. Explain in five sentences how immunity functions on quality nutrition management.
Research shows that macronutrients and micronutrients are essential in fighting infections associated with HIV infection and cancer. HIV infection in most cases compromises the health situation of an individual making him or her becoming susceptible to various diseases. From a nutritionist point of view, it has been shown that lack of a good nutrition results deficiencies in nutrients that results in low immunity which influences viral expression and replication. ( Oguntibeju, Van den Heever, & Van Schalkwyk, 2007). This is quite dangerous to a patient it is to contribute to diseases progression and weight loss. However, a proper diet rich in various nutrients plays an essential role in fighting infectious pathogens that cause diarrhea and respiratory infections. This leads to improvement in the quality of life and prolonged survival.
The development of cancer has been linked to either bad or good food. For instance, particular kind of foods has been associated to cause cancer. This includes high-fat diets, excessive intake of calories and some of the smoked food such as bacon which has nitrites that are considered to be carcinogenic. However, there are good foods that have been known to prevent cancer such high fiber foods, foods containing vitamin C and A which are known to protect cancer of the lungs and colorectal cancer. It is therefore advisable to take more vegetables, appropriate amounts of proteins and carbohydrates in moderation for the maintenance of a healthy immune system that can fight any infections likely to cause the development of cancer.
Describe the consequences of nutritional imbalance on the preoperative, immediate postoperative and long-term postoperative periods
Regardless of the type of surgery, a client’s nutritional status should be evaluated. Most of the surgical patients may come with dietary deficiencies hence. Therefore, improvements should be made to ensure that improvement before the surgery. This is because proper nutrition enhances speedy recovery of the patient. Besides, it gives the patient enough energy for the operation as well as blood regeneration. Nutritional imbalance in preoperative surgery may lead to various consequences. One, a patient with extra tissue of fats have a higher likelihood of getting new infections as pathogens can hide in the layers of fat(Weimann et al.2017). Besides, the fatty tissues may sometimes lead to the retention of anesthetics making it difficult to perform the surgery or the patient taking it longer to recover. Patients who for a long time have not had enough protein and carbohydrates supplements may lack the needed energy required to perform the surgery thereby leading to many delays.
The postoperative surgery phase requires that the patient has the necessary nutrient for help in meeting the metabolic needs and promote faster healing and recovery. Often, 24 hours after the surgery, the patient is given intravenous solutions that are meant to help them recover water and energy lost. Research shows that many of the adverse outcomes that occur during postoperative period are as a result of poor nutrition. Patients who lack essential nutrients such as Vitamin C may take longer to recover from their wounds as the tissues do not have ample supply of the needed nutrients. Besides, they are likely to develop spontaneous bruises which also increases the risk of pneumonia prolonging the patient’s stay at the hospital. Lack of nutritional imbalance in nutrients such as vitamin K may lead to excessive bleeding. In most cases, the excessive bleeding may be fatal especially if the patient had low blood levels hence leading to death. In some cases, the excessive bleeding in may cause megaloblastic anemia which can be treated by blood transfusion or taking a diet rich in iron. Studies have shown that such kind of patients has a higher likelihood of being hospitalized for a more extended period leading to significant loss of body mass.
In conclusion, illnesses such as coronary artery, diabetes, and surgery can have devastating effects on the nutritional status of an individual. Proper nutrition should, therefore, be adapted to ensure that the body can fight new infections that may occur. Research has shown that nutritional intervention in the management of diseases such as HIV and cancer may play an essential role in improving the immune response in the body. Malnutrition and nutritional imbalance have been shown to increase disease progression, weight loss and viral replication in diseases.
References
Cullen, M., & Barnes, C. (2015). Crohn's disease in adolescence: presentation and treatment. Nursing Standard (2014+) , 29 (37), 50.
Dabelea, D., Stafford, J. M., Mayer-Davis, E. J., D’Agostino, R., Dolan, L., Imperatore, G.... & Black, M. H. (2017). Association of type 1 diabetes vs. type 2 diabetes diagnosed during childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years and young adulthood. Jama , 317 (8), 825-835.
LeFevre, M. L. (2014). Behavioral counseling to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for cardiovascular disease prevention in adults with cardiovascular risk factors: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Annals of internal medicine , 161 (8), 587-593.
Nix, S. (2016). Williams' Basic Nutrition & Diet Therapy-E- Book . Elsevier Health Sciences.
Oguntibeju, O. O., Van den Heever, W. M., & Van Schalkwyk, F. E. (2007). The interrelationship between nutrition and the immune system in HIV infection: a review. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS , 10 (24), 4327-4338.
Weimann, A., Braga, M., Carli, F., Higashiguchi, T., Hübner, M., Klek, S., ... & Waitzberg, D. L. (2017). ESPEN guideline: clinical nutrition in surgery. Clinical Nutrition , 36 (3), 623-650.
