Effects of Social Media on Police

Abstract

In the recent past, the development of technology has significantly impacted the society in both positive and negative ways. Traditionally, the duties and responsibilities of the policies officers in dealing with criminal justices was highly respected, and the public received news regarding their actions through the right channel of communication. However, this has changed in the recent past, due to the increased use of mobile equipment to capture police officers while carrying out their duties. It is unfortunate that the captured videos and pictures end up in the social media platform where people view and comment on the video clips and pictures. Besides, this the individuals posting the videos or pictures have little or no information about what happened before the incidence got to where it was at the time of taking the picture (In Mitchell et al., 2017). This ends up misleading the general public and the role of the policies as well influencing the general public to make an uninformed decision due to inadequate data. As a result, the constant capturing and sharing of police incidences with inadequate data have adversely affected the general public views about the police as well as mobilizing people to act against what the social media pictures and videos portray as police brutality (In Milstein, 2015). Which in turn is likely to lead to civil unrest of the nation. The police officers should be allowed to effectively carry out their duties and responsibilities without the fears of being captured in the social media which threatens their life due to a negative attitude towards the police officers. Importantly, the increased cases of capturing police incidences can lead to police negligence which poses a security threat to the nation. 

Introduction

One of the most important departments of any nation is the police department as it plays an important role in protecting the nation as well as enforcing the law in the nation. Besides, the significant role that the police play in endangering their lives as they protect the citizens, the police officers are still subjected to a negative opinion of the general public. The right has significantly shaped one of the major contributing factors towards negative attitude on the role of police officers in the society that the US Constitution provide to its citizens about their interaction with the police officers (Turvey & Crowder, 2013). The US Constitution provides a right for the civilians to capture videos and photographs of police officers while on duty. However, the Constitution is not explicit on what pictures and videos should be captured, which in turn has led to the problems that the police officers are facing due to civilians capturing and sharing the pictures and video footage on the social media platforms (Jefferis et al., 2011). 

On the contrary, the Constitution does not provide the police officers with the opportunity also to capture and record citizens activities. In addition to this challenge to the constitutional provision, it also does restrict the nature of pictures or videos that the citizens should collect from the police incidences (Turvey & Crowder, 2013). As a result, the constitution has provided many gaps that have significantly affected the daily life and responsibilities of the police officers due to increased used of mobile tools to capture a variety of police incidences without any form of restriction.It is unfortunate that the Constitution allows the citizens to capture police related incidences without necessary considering the context of a situation. As a result, the pictures and videos captured and spread in the social media with little or no adequate data, are negatively impacting on the day to day roles and lives of the police officers. The actions might lead to the social disorder as well as a negative image of the police officers and the police department as a whole (Callanan &Rosenberger, 2011). Some of the effects of capturing police in their line of duty without clearly understanding the situation are discussed below. 

Police Demoralization

The increasing use of mobile tools to capture police incidences as well as police officers in their line of duty is increasing demoralizing the police officers directly or indirectly. In most of the cases, the police officers are at risk of injury or losing their lives as they protect the citizens who turn out to be ungrateful by taking videos and pictures that they use against the police officers (Jefferis et al., 2011). As a result, the police officers feel demoralized which in turn leads to low productivity, which is risky to the national security and society's order. Some of the demoralizing aspects of civilians capturing police officers on duty are as follows: 

Fear of Damaging Police and Police Department Image

The right of citizens to capture and record police incidences poses a threat to the motivation of the police to continue working as it is required of them with the aim of protecting their image as well as that of the police department as a whole (Gaines, 2017). It is unfortunate that the civilians always capture moments that demonstrate the police officers using excessive force or engaging in misconduct which is not always actual as the civilians do not take the time to understand the situation (Denef et al., 2013). As a result, some of the police officers might refrain from actively or using force where necessary in an attempt to protect their image. Additionally, it is important to indicate that most of the police incidences that are widely shared are always when the police officers are in the wrong (Gaines, 2017). The public fails to appreciate how the police officers risk their lives while protecting them and the nation as a whole which in turn demoralizes the police officers from working hard. Literature indicates that the policemen feel frustrated when they escape being killed on several occasions and when captured fighting the criminals they are victimized and turns out to be on the wrong (Denef et al., 2013). It has also been noted that despite the fact that a single police officer might be subjected to a compulsory leave or firing after being captured in photographs or videos in the social media, the negative view of the police department as a whole takes long to gain and win the citizen's trust. As a result, most people prefer and do not trust the police officers, hence, do not report some of the crimes that they experience which in turn poses a challenge of increased crime rate within a society which by nature is a social disorder.

The increased availability of mobile cameras to capture police incidences among the citizens have created fear among the police officers who have to maintain a good image to the citizens as well as deal with crime. The police officers have to work in fear, as they are not sure when the public will capture them, yet they have to protect the police image as well as the duties and responsibilities of the officers within a society (Gaines, 2017). It is ironical that the police officers have to face the criminals and at the same expected to handle them calmly. Criminals are people who Violet the country's rules and regulations, individuals who have trouble society, pose a threat to the society, as well as posing a threat to the lives of the police officers who arrest and hinder them from executing their criminal activities. On several occasions the police officers have been found to be reluctant to respond to some instances, as their responses might adversely affect their image as well as that of the police department within a society. The duties and responsibilities of the police officers are vital and demanding as they play a major role in shaping the day to day operations of the society, such as political, social, as well as economic affairs of a nation by ensuring that there are peace and security in the nation (Denef et al., 2013). Therefore, due to the importance of the police officers and their department in a nation, the police officers are expected to maintain a good image at all cost. However, this has been a challenge in the recent past due to the increasing use of cameras by the public to capture situations without acquiring adequate information. As a result, the police officers have become demoralized to work due to the use of social media to capture police officers while in their line of duty, which in most of the cases, provide photographs and videos that do not explain (Gaines, 2017), hence misleading the general public which in turn can lead to social unrest .

Fear of Losing One's Job

Capturing police officers in their line of duty without understanding the context of the situation before capturing the photo have in the past adversely affected the police officers regarding securing their jobs. Once a police officer is captured engaging in what the public assumes to be misconduct and excessive use of force, the police officer risks his or her job (Cordner, 2016). As already indicated most of the information that quickly spread on social media platforms is when a police officer is assumed or viewed to be using excess power or while engaging in misconduct. In this case, the general public can engage in demonstrations or social disorder to demand the firing of a capture police officer (Grossmith, et al., 2015). In the past, some police officers have lost their jobs as a rest of appearing in video and photograph footages on social media that demonstrated their misconduct. In an attempt to refrain from losing their jobs, a good percentage of police officers find it same to act moderately which in turn reduces their productivity in their role and responsibilities in enforcing the law (Miller et al., 2014). Additionally, since most of the police officers have experienced the effects of being captured on videos and photographs taken by the public without inquiring about the situation, the police officers feel demotivated to engage in similar activities which might also adversely impact their career. Hence, becoming reluctant which is a threat to the society as it will create more crime opportunities. 

Additionally, due to the increasing pressure from the public for police officers to conduct themselves in a particular way. Some police officers have opted to quit their careers as their role has been in the recent past been faced with conflicting interests. Whereby, the police officers are expected to act by the police officers code of conduct, and on the other-other, the public also has their ways in which they expect the police officers to behave failure to which they are termed as unethical (Cordner, 2016). It is also due to such pressure that the suicide cases among the police officers are increasingly becoming common in today's society. The social media platforms have in the recent past been used to spread hatred, and negative views concerning the police officers, especially when the police officers are captured imaging in what the public believe is misconduct. As a result of using the social media against the police officers, the police officers develop low self-esteem and poor self-concepts, which in turn leads to psychological disorders such as depression and stress (Miller et al., 2014). When the condition is not well managed most of the police officers end up committing suicide (Grossmith, et al., 2015), which is a wanting situation in today's society as it can lead to social disorder.

Clear Understanding of Police Activities by Terrorist

In most of the cases, the public captures the police officers incidences and post them to the social site without editing the pictures or the video recording which in turn provide the terrorist with adequate information regarding police operation (IFIP Conference on e-Business et al., 2016). Based on the already existing literature, it is evidence that most of the public use smartphones to capture police incidences and since they are not professionals, they do not edit the capture data. Which in turn feeds the terrorist with some of the essential data that the police would prefer to remain private for the police department. Despite the constitutional obligation for the police department to provide the media with necessary information regarding crime, police programs as well as crime protection approaches, the police department is selective on the nature of the information that is provided to the professional editors (Cordner, 2016). Criminals use social media platforms to research about police activities as well as planning their crimes, therefore, providing data that is not edited poses a threat to increased crime rates.

Additionally, it is through such footages that the criminals can understand police operations and techniques which the terrorist use against the police officers. In such a case, the duties and responsibilities of the police officers are at risk as well as their lives as the terrorist can inappropriately use social media to work with the police officers. Additionally sharing information that is not edited on the social media by the public also increases the chances of terrorist hacking and using individual police or a police department system as their attention might be shifted to handling the misconduct addressed in the photograph or video (IFIP Conference on e-Business et al., 2016).It is also important to indicate that the terrorist can take advantage of the posted footage to create false information regarding a police department or police officer which will, in turn, aid them in firing a police officer who has been on the front line in hindering the terrorist from carrying out their terrorist activities. In each police department, there are police officers who are known by both the public and the terrorist as individuals who effectively deal with. As a result, the terrorist might want to do away with such individuals in the police department who will, in turn, enable them to carry out their terrorism activities with minimal hindrance from other police officers (IFIP Conference on e-Business et al., 2016). In such a case, if such an effective individual or group of police officers is captured in a footage engaging in an unethical manner, the terrorist might use such data to influence the public to demand a compulsory leave or firing of the police officers (Cordner, 2016). If such a plan succeeds, the terrorist can carry out their terror attacks which also lead to social disorder .

Decreasing Police-Performance Confidence

The era of increased use of technology and mobile tools to capture police in their line of duty as allowed by the constitution have adversely impacted on the police confidence while carrying out their duties and responsibilities. The increasing use of mobile phones to capture the police activities is slowly interfering with the day- to -day operations of the police officers (In Mervio, 2015). The social media is significantly interfering with the duties and responsibilities of the police officers in law enforcement. As a result, police feel under-qualified and under pressure to meet the general public way of thinking which in turn hinders the degree of confidence for the police officers to carry out their roles. Additionally, the police officers have in the past been subjected to humiliation resulting from public demand to act on a police capture in a video or a photograph, as a result. These actions effects are psychologically affecting the police officers self-concept and confidence in executing their roles and responsibilities (In Bwalya & In Mutula, 2015). It is also important to indicate that the police officers have suffered psychological effect which results from social media influence on their duties which in turn have affected how the police officers handle crime and terrorist. 

The psychological torture of seeing a police officer being fired for due to public demand which is based on inadequate evidence as portrayed in the videos and photographs. The pressure in the social media is mounting for most police officers, and the constant worry that they are the next victims is significantly and adversely impacting on their performance-confidence (Turvey & Crowder, 2013).It is also important to indicate that the increased sharing of capture police officers photographs and videos in social networks which portray police officers as unethical, oppressors and promoters of social injustices have played an important role in police officers self-concepts. The public is providing unnecessary pressure to the police officers due to the increased use of cameras among the public which is always ready to capture the police officers when they are in the wrong and some instances, even when the police officers are acting in accordance with their code of conducted, the unexplained photographs and video coverage portray the opposite (Turvey & Crowder, 2013). As a result, the police officers have to meet the public expectations, which in turn influence police performance as the police officers are not always sure of the public reactions when they engage in specific activities. Additionally, due to the negative attitude and views that have been developed by the public regarding the police officers and their responsibilities, the police officers feel inadequate and have in the recent past recorded high scores in poor self-concept which in turn influences their performance confidence (In Bwalya & In Mutula, 2015). It is also due to such public views that the police officers feel the pressure to resign their jobs which might in turn place the country at a deficit of police officers which will, in turn, lead to social unrest.

Promoting Social Inequalities

Over the years, the US has been struggling with the inequality challenge which has persisted for generations. Despite the fact that the people of color were provided with equal rights and provision as the white, it is important to indicate that the police department has been viewed as one of the departments that are still practicing discriminations based on individuals color (In Information Resources Management Association, 2016). The situation has been made worse by the increasing use of cameras to capture police incidences. In most of the cases, a white police officer has captured shooting or using excessive force when handling the people of color and especially the blacks. As a result, social media have been widely used to wrongly demonstrate and spread the views that portray police officers and departments as facilitators of social inequalities.

Promoting Social Injustice Based on Individual's Color

Social inequality in a different institution in the nation has been one of the persistent problems that have adversely affected the American society. Despite the war against social inequalities and development of policies that declared discrimination of people based on color as illegal, the US society is still subjected to social inequalities. It is unfortunate that a good percentage of the criminals in the US are the blacks when compared to the number of criminals who are whites and Hispanics (Trottier et al., 2015). However, despite these statistics, the police department has for the longest time possible been overlooked as an institution that encourages inequalities in social justice. The situation has been made worse by the increasing use of public using mobile tools to capture police in action, and in most cases, it appears a white police officer shooting or arresting a black person (Reeves, 2017). When such data is shared on the social platforms with little or no supporting information, then it depicts how the police officers as law enforcers as using the law to promote social injustices (In Information Resources Management Association, 2016). 

From the past, it has been recorded that the people of color have been suffering from social injustices, which is further made worse by the unexplained photographs and videos on the social media (Reeves, 2017). As a result, movements that support social equality might negatively use these photographs against the police officers who will, in turn, lead to demonstration demanding for equal rights for the blacks leading to civil unrest (Trottier et al., 2015).The claims of police officers and department to reinforce social inequalities, existing data indicate that the blacks and people of color have been subjected to social injustices in many instances when compared to the rate at which the whites receive such injustices. As a result, of this existing fact, and the fact that the American society which is a white dominated society believe that the blacks and other races are to blame for the criminal activities in the US due to the high numbers of the races in criminal activities(Reeves, 2017) . The society is made to believe that the people of color are discriminatively subjected to social injustices (In Information Resources Management Association, 2016). Additionally, existing data also demonstrate that majority of the US prisoners are the blacks, as a result of such facts, when a police officer is captured arresting or dealing with criminals from the minority races, the police officers are viewed as facilitators of social inequalities. Due to the increased concern among the minority races on police social injustice among these group, the minority groups might form movements to fight for their social justice which will, in turn, lead to the destruction of property, individual being subjected to death and injury which is a clear picture of social disorder (Reeves, 2017).

Increasing Police Use of Force

Despite the constitutional provision that allows the police officers to use necessary force to deal with crime, it is unethical for the police officers to use excessive force while carrying out their duties. In most of the cases that have been previously addressed on matters regarding police officers using excessive force while on their line of duty have been widely condemned by both the police departments as well as the citizens (In Mervio, 2015). However, in the recent past the citizens have significantly forced on capturing the police officers use force, and in most cases, the citizens do not inquire from the police officers on the driving forces behind the use of force (In Mervio, 2015), but instead the citizens capture the moment which in turn force the police to apply force when dealing with citizens who want to capture every step of the police incidences. 

Using Force to Stop the Public from Capturing Their Actions

The use of smartphones to capture police officers on their lone of duty has affected police functioning. In today's society, the policies officers in several locations have been captured harassing or even destroying a phone that was being used to capture the police activity (Wall & Linnemann, 2014). Despite the fact that the act is wrong as the citizens are allowed by the constitution to capture police in progress when working, the police offers feel offended and fear that such videos might ruin their career and therefore, the police resolve in protecting themselves my using excessive force which is unethical according to the police code of conduct. The general public is to blame for the excessive police use of force in stopping protestors as well as handling protestors who try to capture the police activities (Wall & Linnemann, 2014). As a result, of the increased brutality to the civilians, the civilians might engage in social disorder to protect against the police use of force which will, in turn, affect the stability of the national security as well as political and economic activities.

Using Force to Protect Themselves from being Harmed

The daily life of the police officers poses a threat to their life. While enforcing the law, the police officers are likely to face opposition, hence, the need to protect themselves. The duties and responsibilities of the police officers endanger their lives, and the police officers are always forced to protect their lives when dealing with criminals who might harm or kill them (In Mervio, 2015). Due to the increasing use of the social media against the police officers, the policers officers are in the recent past found themselves engaging in conflicts that result in mob justice against the police officers, and therefore, the police officers are forced to inappropriate apply force while dealing with the mob or criminals. 

Social media is one of the contributing factors as to why the police officers use force in protecting their lives as well as their careers. Such incidences pose a risk to the society has it can lead to social disorder and inappropriate use of social media to fight the police officers (Sarkar, 2013). Despite the fact that the constitution provides the police officers with the right to use reasonable force to protect themselves when dealing with criminals, the general public does not understand to what extent the police officers should use the force (In Mervio, 2015). Therefore, the general public makes an assumption on matters regarding police use of force. In some instances, the civilians try to capture what the police officers believe is not relevant or is beyond what the public should know. Hence, the police officers are forced to use force to prevent the public from capturing such events which in turn due to public resistance. The police are forced to use force on the civilians to protect themselves and some of the police information as it is in their ethics which in turn helps them to secure their jobs.In such an event the police officers are forced to apply unnecessary force to stop the public from harming or injuring them as they exercise their ethics in protecting police information which the public yearns to capture, hence, developing conflict of interest between the public and police officers (In Mervio, 2015), and since the mob can act against the police officers the officers have to use force to discuss or distract the mob.

Negative Concept on Police Role

In the recent past, social media have played an important role in shaping how individuals and the society view different aspects and institutions in the society. Importantly the social media has proved to be an important source of information for all ages. Hence, social media have significantly influenced how people think, behave and respond to various situations. It is unfortunate that the public is always interested in capturing police whenever the police officers are in the wrong (Callanan & Rosenberger, 2011), which has significantly influenced how the social media users who happen to be the largest population in today's society view the police officers. 

Police Viewed as Oppressors and Unethical

The spread of police incidences on the social media has negatively impacted on the relationship between the civilians and the police officers (In Milstein, 2015). In this case, the social media have created a strained relationship between the two parties whereby the police officers view the general public as their spy while the public view the police officers as oppressors (Victor & Naughton, 2011). Data indicate that most of the photographs and videos that are widely shared by the media involve those that depict a police officer engaging in misconduct. This form of posts attracts many readers who read and share information without clearly understanding the beginning of the problem (In Mervio, 2015). As the news spread the public develop a negative attitude and view towards the police department and officers considering them as unethical and oppressive.

Additionally, it is important to indicate that the social media provide social information to the public which has been widely used to create a bad image on the police officers by capturing them when engaging in unethical behavior (Callanan & Rosenberger, 2011).The civilians are always attracted to capturing police officers when they are engaging in unethical behavior which in turn helps to form the mental image and concept of the police officers and their role among the society members. As a result of information from the videos and photographs provided by the social platforms, the members of the society have developed a negative perspective about the police officers as well as their role in the society. Statistics indicate that due to the increasing use of social media to capture police officers in what the society believes is unethical without clearly understanding the situation, most of the society members have lost trust with the police officers and their role in the society (Surette, 2014). It is also important to indicate that photographs and video footage capturing a police officer or police officers in their line of duty without the necessary supporting information to make the social media users understand the incident provides an opportunity for the society to make inappropriate judgment and decision regarding the shared footage (Callanan & Rosenberger, 2011). When a video or photograph is shared by individuals who are in most cases not aware of the events before the expert time of capturing the photograph leaves the social media users with an open view of the action. Since each is different in how they think and act and influenced by the existing evidence of police misconduct as perceived by the photographer, the social media users have high chances of concluding negatively about the police officer’s actions (In Milstein, 15).

Conflicting Interest

Despite the fact that the constitution allows the citizens to record a call with a police officer, capture a photograph or record a video of a police officer while on duty. The right contradicts with that of police officers providing information to the media regarding the police officers programs, security matters as well as protective security approaches (Victor & Naughton, 2011). In this case, the citizens do not have to request the police officers whenever they are recording or capturing them, and the police officers cannot determine how the citizens use the capture information despite having little or no supporting data. On the other hand, the constitution states that it is the duty of the police officers and police departments to provide relevant information to the public and the media (Wall & Linnemann, 2014), yet while capturing the police events, on many occasions, the public does not inquire more from the police officers nor the police department. As a result, the constitution provides an opportunity for conflict of role and interests whereby the constitution allows the citizens to capture and record police officers while on duty and the other hand expects police officers to provide information to the media personality as well as the general public. In such a case, the police officers might act in a way that they aim to protect the nature of the information being captured and spread through the social media, while on the other hand, the act will be violating the civil rights (Wall & Linnemann, 2014). As a result of such conflicts, the society is likely to face a period of social unrest.

Summary

According to the constitution of the US, the public is allowed to record a police while in the line of duty. However, it is unfortunate that the same constitution does not protect the police officers from spread of inappropriate data on social media based on photographs and video recordings that are not supported by adequate information to explain the situation (Surette, 2014). It is also important to indicate that increased use of social media platforms to capture and spread police activities while on duty is adversely affecting the day to day roles and responsibilities of the police department. The police officers have been in the recent past, wrongly judged due to the application of the social information that is obtained from the social media, based on captured videos and photographs of the police officers while on duty. It is unfortunate that the general public is concerned with the police officers actions, yet the public does not bother in comprehending the situation or asking the police officers what had happened before he was captured (Wall & Linnemann, 2014). As a result of such unexplained footage, the general public has progressively developed a negative attitude and views about the police officers as well as their duties and responsibilities within the society. Additionally, owing to the unexplained footages of police officers on duty, the police department has also been viewed as an unethical department which promotes social injustices (Callanan & Rosenberger, 2011), this has adversely impacted on the relationship between the police officers and the public which if not well intervened it is likely to lead to social unrest. Despite the adverse effects of using social media to capture police officers activities, facts indicate that it can as well be used to enhance the role and responsibilities of the police officers in the society (Cordner, 2016) . It is therefore essential to indicate that social media can equally be utilized to positively impact on the police department by capturing incidences when police engage effectively in their role and providing adequate information to support a video or a photograph (Callanan & Rosenberger, 2011).

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