1 . Free health care should be available to all people. After all, if that were the case, it would benefit everyone.
Consequentialism; The consequence of providing free healthcare is that everyone in the society benefits. There is much emphasis on the consequences of providing free healthcare to all people than on the act of providing free healthcare itself 2. Character education should be part of the public school system in the United States. We need to cultivate integrity in our children, and the public school system should play a role in this important process.
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Consequentialism; Again, the focus is on the consequences of providing character education. Children will be of good and desirable character when character education is part of the public school system. The highlight is on cultivating integrity in children.
3 . Although many societies have practiced human sacrifice, human sacrifice wasn't considered wrong, even though we believe it is wrong in our culture. So, human sacrifice within those cultures wasn't really wrong.
Moral relativism; the right or wrong of an action in this case is determined in relation to a particular perspective ( Rai & Holyoak, 2013 ). In the past, human sacrifice was not viewed as a wrong practice at all by some societies but as per the modern times, human sacrifice is wrong by all standards. 4. Same-sex marriage is right because the polls show that most Americans favor it, even if that is not the case in other countries.
Moral relativism; Most Americans favor same-sex marriage but that does not mean that people in other countries favor the practice. The opinions or perceptions held by Americans concerning same-sex marriage do not reflect those held by people in other countries in the world. 5. The legalization of same-sex marriage is wrong because the government has no right to legally sanction any form of personal relationship except one: marriage relationships between a man and a woman. That is the only type of relationship that can lead to procreation, and the state has a legitimate interest in procreation. Thus, the state has a duty to support marriage between a man and a woman, and a duty to refrain from getting legally involved in other types of relationships .
Deontology; as the statement suggests, this is duty ethics, which requires focus on the action to determine whether it is right or wrong (Gaus, n.d). In this case, the right thing to do is for the government to protect procreation by avoiding legalization of same-sex marriages, and instead, encourage marriage relationships between a man and a woman. Protecting marriage between a man and a woman is the duty of a state. 6. Dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was wrong because those acts violated the right to life of many innocent people, and we should protect those rights.
Deontology; the emphasis here is also on the action of dropping atomic bombs, which violates the rights of people. The people who were about to drop the bombs ought to have evaluated the morality of their actions before dropping them. Therefore, the mere action of dropping the bombs was morally wrong according to deontology. 7. Dropping the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was right because those acts ended the war faster, and thus made the world a safer place.
Consequentialism; In this case, the focus is on the results which is that the war ended faster. There was maximum good, which is that the war ended quickly than anticipated even when lives were lost. Suppose the bombs had not been dropped, the war would not have ended faster, and probably graver consequences might have occurred. 8. We need to do a background check and to collect some character references on Mr. Jones before we hire him.
Virtue ethics; This type of ethics is based on Aristotle’s belief that ethics involves agents and that living an ethical or good life encompasses possession of the right character traits (Seven Pillars Institute, n.d section on virtue ethics). If we conduct a background check on Mr. Jones, we would be determining if he has the right traits that make him the best candidate for the job . 9. He doesn't have the right character and temperament to be a state governor. He has been involved in corruption scandals, known to be dishonest, and has problems controlling his anger .
Virtue ethics; an individual needs to be an agent of good character to be considered fit to be a state governor. The emphasis is on having good or unquestionable character as part of the qualities that make one the best candidate for the position of state governor. 10 . Sure, slavery is wrong in our society because we all agree it's wrong. However, slavery isn't absolutely wrong because many societies have practiced slavery .
Moral relativism; the right or wrong of a practice is measured from a historical point of view. Slavery was not considered morally wrong in the past because many societies practiced it but as per the current standards, it is morally wrong because every society has reached a consensus that it is a wrong practice.
References
Gaus, G. (n.d). What is deontology? Part one: orthodox views . http://www.gaus.biz/deontology1.pdf
Rai, T. S., & Holyoak, K. J. (2013). Exposure to moral relativism compromises moral behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 49 (6), 995-1001. http://reasoninglab.psych.ucla.edu/KH%20pdfs/Rai_Holyoak.2013.pdf
Seven Pillars Institute. (n.d). Moral theories . https://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/ethics-101/moral-traditions/
