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Article Citation and Permalink (APA format) |
Article 1 Nilan, K., McKeever, T. M., McNeill, A., Raw, M., & Murray, R. L. (2019). Prevalence of tobacco use in healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one , 14 (7). |
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Description |
| Broad Topic Area/Title | The broad topic is on tobacco use and in this case specific to healthcare workers who interact with patients on a daily basis. In essence, tobacco use among this worker group is problematic due to possible exposure to patients hence undermining their clients’ well-being. |
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Problem Statement (What is the problem research is addressing?) |
There are various implications of tobacco uses among healthcare workers and there is a need to assess the prevalence rate among this group. The results will enable the assessment of the scope of the issue and determine the resources required to alleviate it. |
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Purpose Statement (What is the purpose of the study?) |
The main purpose of the article is to establish the demographic information concerning the complication in order to ascertain the actual situation of tobacco use among the group that is at the forefront of the fight against tobacco use. |
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Research Questions (What questions does the research seek to answer?) |
The key research question is what is the prevalence rate of tobacco use among healthcare workers in comparison to the rate for the general population? What is the rate of prevalence of tobacco use among healthcare workers with regard to income level? What is the rate of prevalence of tobacco use among healthcare workers with regard to sex? What is the rate of prevalence of tobacco use among healthcare workers with regard to occupation? What is the rate of prevalence of tobacco use among healthcare workers in comparison to the general population? |
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Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used) |
There is a high rate of tobacco use among HCW in comparison to the general population and hence better outcomes are projected for the reduction of tobacco use. Specifically, less smoker among the healthcare population translates to increased awareness of the negative impact of the practice and greater efforts towards its containment. |
| Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables | The independent variables in this case are the number of health care workers and the general population. The dependent variable in this case is the rate of prevalence of smoking among both groups. The type of data in this case is qualitative in nature since it entails computing the statistics of the number of affected individuals from both sides ( Losh, 2017 ). |
| Population of Interest for Study | The population of interest in this case was the healthcare workers as well as the general population from countries of varying income levels. |
| Sample | The individual utilized a sample group of approximately 457,415 HCW from 29 high-income nations, 21 upper-middle-income nations, and 13 low income nations. Such a diversified sample group ensures that the results are representative. |
| Sampling Method | The sampling method was based on systematic selection of articles from a collection of five databases namely; CAB Abstracts, EMBASE, LILACS, and CINHAL Plus. Owing to the fact that a range was required, the selected articles were from 2000-2016 in order to ascertain the trends. |
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Identify Data Collection Identify how data were collected |
The extraction and quality evaluation of the studies were undertaken autonomously by three competent reviewers by applying data extraction methods which are standardized. In addition to this, data on the prevalence of tobacco use was acquired from the World Health Organization (WHO). |
| Summarize Data Collection Approach | The data collection approach utilized an inclusion and exclusion criteria to ascertain the most relevant studies to the research topic. |
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Discuss Data Analysis Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables. |
The researchers grouped the studies based in the country level of income contingent on the world bank income classification. In addition to this, the research conducted random upshot meta-analyses in order to acquire pooled frequency. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on the basis of quality score. |
| Summarize Results of Study | The results indicated that the country level comparison (HIC) revealed that prevalence among HCW is lower in comparison to the general population. In contrast, workers in low income countries manifested a comparable or higher rates of prevalence in comparison to the general population. |
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Summary of Assumptions and Limitations Identify the assumptions and limitations from the article. Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author. |
The key limitation is that the WHO prevalence data was more updated in comparison to the HCW data and hence there was a mismatch. There is a lack of primary data collected primarily by the researchers as opposed to relying on the information presented by others. |
Ethical Considerations
One of the key ethical considerations in the research articles collected in the fact that informed consent is not as evident as being attained before the execution. Informed consent denotes the permission granted in full awareness of the probable repercussions. In this case, the research articles did not notify of the informed consent, and hence there is no guarantee that it was accessed. The second possible ethical issue is upholding the privacy of the information offered by the participants since there was no limitation on the scope within which the information could be used (Quinlan, Babin, Carr & Griffin, 2019). In this regard, individuals who referenced the study could propagate the data based on their decision-making schematic.
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References
Losh, S. C. (2017). Dependent and Independent Variables. The Wiley ‐ Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory , 1-3.
Nilan, K., McKeever, T. M., McNeill, A., Raw, M., & Murray, R. L. (2019). Prevalence of tobacco use in healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one , 14 (7).
Quinlan, C., Babin, B., Carr, J., & Griffin, M. (2019). Business research methods . South Western Cengage.
