Area 1
The environmental factors present in area 1 are making the crime rate increase; the fact that the area is high-rent- district with most of the people leaving in rented houses. The levels of unemployment are high and there are equally high levels of school dropouts, make this area potentially prone to crimes. Its poverty level is high and the environment seems to be encouraging people to engage crime (Akers, 2013). Studies have shown that there is close association on the dimensions of social and economic status. There is evidence that individuals from low-income, occupational status and education have higher rates of crime.
It is also evident that the poverty have directs effects on crime especially if people have the inability to secure a steady or insufficient financial resources. If individuals fail to have steady financial resources to support themselves they will resort in illicit activities to generate income. They may also engage in crimes due to psychological strain caused by the environment (Bartol, & Bartol, 2014). Experts in criminology claim that crime can be a product of a rational decision-making process in which potential offenders weigh to the benefits of and probable costs/risks of committing a crime.
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The social control theory is one of the theories that can be used to understand why people have the tendency to obey the law or fail in doing so. This theory proposes that people’s general conformity to social norms is determined by the social bonds that they have. Some of the components for this theory include the attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. Attachment examines the individuals powered in establishing relationships with other people. In this context, people who are drop outs and are raised by single parents might have a problem in following the law. The single parents might not have the right commitment to helping their children from engaging in crimes.
Some of the statistics that would fit the area one in reducing crimes include the boot camps and the deterrence theory. Boot camp would entail having programs that involve incarceration. It would also involve military model of discipline and order. This program would serve to reduce the tendency of young people in engaging in crimes, such as murder. The deterrence theory would be applied in this area because the theory states that crime can be controlled through the use of punishments such as certainty, severity and celerity. Therefore it allows for the law enforcing officers to use multiple tactics to punish offenders and control crimes.
Area 2
It is apparent that people in this area are engaging in crime because they want to improve their livelihood. The crime rate is relatively lower than are one but property crime is rampant here. The poor want to rise through crime to be financially steady; the fact that the employed dual-parent household live in purchased homes means that not the whole population is poor. Those who are engaging in crime here might not be doing it because of their genetic composition but because they have psychological pressure. They are doing it to generate income to support their families. The fact that a portion of the population has made it piles more pressure on the low income families in the locality (Downes, Rock, & McLaughlin, 2016). It is apparent that there are people in the environment who have made a rational decision to engage in crime despite its risks and consequences.
Right realism/ rational theory would be applicable in this area for various reasons. Firstly this theory sees individuals who are capable of making their own choices, such as decagons to commit crime. It is believed that in the process of committing a crime individuals weigh the likely benefits and disadvantages of each action they engage in. Some of the strategies that can be used to reduce crime sin such a setting include general deterrence. This approach uses the doctrine that a community or a society of people can be deterred from committing a criminal activity after witnessing the punishment of an individual for having committed a criminal act (Thornberry, 2018). The other approach would be the retribution where the punishment is made to fit the crime- an eye for an eye.
Area 3
The fact that there is cultural diversity in area 3 and there high property crime and violent crimes it implies that some people in the community feel they are exposed to relative deprivation or left realism. This happens when individuals in the community see themselves as being unfairly disadvantaged as compared to other individuals or groups who they see as similar (Sharkey, Besbris, & Friedson, 2016). Such groups feel to have been marginalized in relation to social, political and economic aspects. They may also feel that they lack proper representation in the community and national levels. These are some of the factors that lead them to crime.
One of the possible approaches that can be used to reduce crime in this society would entail the proportionality. This is a kind of punishment that fit the crime without regard to individual differences. This would be used to bring equality to the society ad deter people from participating in crime. Specific deterrence can be used for offenders in ties society since it is apparent the offenders mind can be studies. With is this kind of deterrence it is possible to punish the criminal and eliminated his or her chances of doing the act in future.
Area 4
In this community people engage in crime by choice; not that they are pushed by the environment; the fact that most are employed, and from high income families living in expensive houses; such people break the law by choice not because of lack. Self-control theory would be used to understand the failure to conform to the law (Eck, & Weisburd, 2015). Firstly some embers might be lacking the belief that they should abide by the law. They might see themselves as if they are not bound to follow the low because they come from high income families. Shock incarceration can be used to deter the behavior of breaking the law. Shock incarceration uses an approach of brief imprisonment and probation. These would provide a chance to bring the offender to the reality of incarceration and deter him or her form engage in crime in future.
References
Akers, R. L. (2013). Criminological theories: Introduction and evaluation . Routledge.
Bartol, A. M., & Bartol, C. R. (2014). Criminal behavior: A psychological approach . Boston: Pearson, c2014. xxiii, 644 pages: illustrations; 24 cm..
Downes, D., Rock, P., & McLaughlin, E. (2016). Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking. Oxford University Press.
Eck, J. E., & Weisburd, D. L. (2015). Crime places in crime theory.
Sharkey, P., Besbris, M., & Friedson, M. (2016). Poverty and Crime. In The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty.
Thornberry, T. (Ed.). (2018). Developmental theories of crime and delinquency . Routledge.
