Introduction
Human trafficking is a global vice that has caused the suffering of many. Research has it that more than twenty million suffer human trafficking worldwide (Naik, 2018) . The victims of the vice are unaware of what awaits them. According to the previous researches, most affected people are the poor (Trafficking in persons: Global Patterns, 2009) . They strive by all means to make their lives better. (Russel, 2017) They are promised a better future thus ensnared. Poor families readily allow their young girls to travel abroad in search of the greener pastures (Lanier, 2012) . The girls aim at alleviating the poverty prevalent in their homes. The young girls and women are trafficked to the other parts of the world and thus enslaved (Report of the Task Force on Trafficking of Women and Girls, 2014) . Human trafficking is therefore commonly known as modern slavery. This study sets out to find the causes of this demonized vice and its effects thus giving the recommendations of curbing it in Equatorial Guinea and Eritrea and by extension globally.
Assumptions
The study is pegged on the following assumptions:
It assumes that the sample represents the total population. Equatorial Guinea and Eritrea are assumed to represent the total population of the victims worldwide.
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It also assumes that the causes of human trafficking and its excruciating effects are similar globally.
Another assumption is that all the respondents will cooperate throughout the research.
Limitations
The study was limited by various factors: It lacked cooperation as many of the respondents’ feared victimization. They therefore pulled out of the research thus affecting findings. Others were driven away by emotions and failed to provide the needed data. In addition, the study needed a lot of labour. The countries in study were vast. The ten researchers per country found the work both tedious and incapacitating. The result was limited scope being covered and wider population left out. In addition, the research lacked any tangible and verifiable evidence. It was dependent on the testimonials from the victims and their families. The researchers also faced difficulty in accessing public data of immigrants. Many immigration officers feared giving researchers the data claiming it was private and confidential. Other immigration officers thought that the data will be used against them. Also, time was a limiting factor. The study was conducted within only two months. The few researchers could not reach all the respondents.
Scope and the Delimitations
The researchers selected two countries for this study: Equatorial Guinea and Eritrea. They were the most affected countries according to research. In Eritrea the researchers sampled 1000 respondents from the rural highlands and rural lowlands by the use of random sampling method. The areas of study contained the poorest people susceptible to human trafficking as a result of poverty. Out of the one thousand randomly selected respondents, three quarters comprised of women and young girls. The rest were men from the affected families. 60% of the respondents were from the rural lowlands that were mostly affected. 40% were from the rural highlands. In Equatorial Guinea, the study was limited to the city places inhabited by the poorest people. They did document analysis in the immigration offices.
Significance of the study
The research is of great significance to researchers as it ensures continuity of research and filling up all the gaps left in research fields. This study is also important to practitioners as they will understand that human trafficking is inhuman and against human rights. It also helps the target countries be informed of the severity of the vice that is infringing human rights and thus making them embrace the recommendations that will help eradicate it completely. From the research findings and recommendations, other countries that are affected globally can borrow and implement thus a better change globally.
Methods
The study employed questionnaires to collect the data. 600 questionnaires were produced in Eritrea. The researchers based on the number of the literate respondents in the selected sample. The questionnaires were designed to ensure that it captures the causes of what their migration and the effects therein. In Equatorial Guinea, 650 questionnaires were printed and distributed to the respondents. In addition, the study employed interviews. 400 respondents were interviewed in Eritrea and 350 in Equatorial Guinea. Interview was important method since the provided one on one interaction between the researcher and the respondents. The researchers recorded them.
Procedures
The questionnaires were distributed to the two countries at the beginning of the research. The respondents were given a time frame of three weeks to answer the questions. In Eritrea, seventy percent of the questions were answered. In addition the interviews were conducted. The respondents were not in position to answer all the interview questions. In Equatorial Guinea the same administration of questionnaires and interviews was done. At the end of three weeks all the questionnaires were collected and about eighty percent of the questions were well answered. The researchers also used the immigration data in the immigration office to study the rate of the immigrants from the research study areas. The data was recorded and photos kept safely.
Data Analysis
The research aimed at establishing the causes of the human trafficking in the two countries and the effects therein. The data quantitative method of data analysis was employed. The data collected was analysed as follows:
Table 1.Causes of human trafficking
| Cause | Eritrea (%) | Equatorial Guinea (%) |
| Poverty | 90 | 85 |
| Political instability | 3 | 8 |
| Social and cultural practices | 5 | 5 |
| War | 2 | 2 |
Poverty was clearly seen as the biggest cause of human trafficking in both countries. 100% of the interviewed respondents cited this as the major cause. Due to poverty, the families, and in particular female folks, fell victims in their quest for a better life (J, 2016) .
Political instability was another cause of human trafficking. Social and cultural practices also resulted to human trafficking. The somewhat male chauvinistic societies perpetuated abuse towards the female folk and thus making them prone to human trafficking both within the countries and outside.
Table 2. Effects of human trafficking
| Effect | Percentage in Eritrea | Percentage in Equatorial Guinea |
| Health | 60 | 69 |
| Economy | 25 | 21 |
| National security | 10 | 6 |
| Society | 5 | 4 |
The research found out that human trafficking had severe effects on the health of the victims. The trafficked people were subjected to very inhuman conditions thus making them court sexually transmitted diseases. Besides, they were traumatized. They didn’t expect this kind of treatment whatsoever. Young girls were raped and treated like sex toys infringing their rights.
In addition, the economy of the countries was affected by the vice. Though the perpetrators amassed wealth from the business, the victims nursed serious economic challenges. They were not paid whatsoever. The families of the victims were similarly affected. They lost manpower and their financial position even worsened. Some families gave all they had to the fraudulent perpetuators who masqueraded in bliss in time. Furthermore, the national security of the countries were affected. The citizens have a right to security. The vice raised upheavals from the citizens. The young men and women who joined terror groups came back and paused a threat to national security. The society was affected slightly. They lost their loved ones and thus were stressed and others underwent depression. It caused separation from the loved ones and by extend breaking the marriages.
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