Introduction
Over the years, the gap between the rich and poor has grown tremendously hence creating inequalities in the healthcare sector. Just like the rest of American life, health disparities or inequalities have affected numerous people because the healthcare expenditure has grown considerably. Americans need to address the problem of equity and equality in health as it will be the only way to address the fraught nature of health care in the United States. One would argue that Obamacare is helping most Americans, however; it is noteworthy that America’s health issues run much deeper than the law implemented on Obamacare. Although America is one of the most powerful and richest nations globally, by numerous metrics, it has the worst healthcare system of any developed, wealthy nation ( Bartley, 2014) . For this research paper, it will mainly focus on the identifying the research questions and the appropriate methodology for this study.
Research Questions
There are numerous questions regarding the fraught of healthcare system in America. Most of these questions are essential since they help us dig deeper and develop an understanding of how to improve the healthcare system in the United States. However, few basic issues must be addressed to ensure that this issue is handled appropriately. Some of these issues are mass incarceration, public health and the main one, which is the widening inequality when it comes to healthcare ( Bartley, 2014) . Some of the research questions that are essential in helping address the issue of inequality in healthcare include:
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What are the insights when it comes to healthcare inequality in the United States?
Why is the public-health condition so bad for mots black people in the United States that they usually get better healthcare in prisons than when they have freedom?
Can the augmenting winner-take-all nature of American life assist in explaining the health disparities in the U.S. ?
Do doctors need enhanced and an all-inclusive education to address the issue of racial prejudice in healthcare?
What are some of the major models that best explain social class inequalities in health?
What are the main determinants of health and some of the inequalities in the distribution of health?
Research Methodology
When it comes to research methodology, to employ in understanding the inequalities in healthcare, it is essential to understand the basics of health such as the socioeconomic vulnerabilities amongst diverse groups. In this regard, a study on health inequalities remains essential when it draws attention to the health of socioeconomically vulnerable groups in America in the context of rapid economic development. This is essential in shaping the debate for public health action, monitoring the effectiveness of health programs, and highlighting the need for greater investments in health. However, since the objective is to examine the present trends in studies on health inequalities, it is vital to use the method of conducting a literature review of various studies on healthcare inequalities that have been published since the 1990s. Some of the approaches will include search strategy, eligibility criteria, data extraction whereby we focus on objective data and subjective data ( Bartley, 2014) .
Search Approach
Articles were distinguished in view of a precise inquiry of MEDLINE (Ovid MEDLINE 1990-show) utilizing a from the earlier characterized search string. This was created iteratively through watchword distinguishing proof, testing, and modification (Sturm & Gresenz, 2011). The research required a high affectability to catch a substantial number of articles that would later be evaluated for importance.
Qualification Criteria
Qualification criteria were: i) distributed in English amid the years 2005-2009; ii) essential research think about or already unpublished optional examination of existing information; iii) result factors included wellbeing results or potentially human services usage designs specifically identified with asthma in grown-up populaces with asthma or in danger of creating asthma; iv) information investigation showed imbalances regarding the result factors estimated; v) investigation of disparities analyzed respondents based on SES, or potentially sexual orientation, and additionally race/ethnicity, or potentially work environment, and additionally place of living arrangement (Sturm & Gresenz, 2011). Numerous articles are in view of the similar informational collection, however, with various foci and investigations were incorporated (Wilkinson, 2008).
Each conceptual was surveyed at first for pertinence by two free analysts. In instances of contradiction, a third appraisal was directed by an analyst who had not at first surveyed the conceptual being referred (Wilkinson, 2008). On the off chance that qualification could not be resolved in view of the theoretical alone; the full article was recovered for facilitating evaluation (In Buchbinder, In Rivkin-Fish & In Walker, 2016).
Analyzing the Intersections of Social Inequalities in Health
As indicated by Wilkinson (2008), “intersectional approaches give a capable elective method for tending to inquiries concerning wellbeing incongruities that customary methodologies have been unsuccessful in replying.” Much depends, be that as it may, on what questions are asked, and what methodological methodologies are utilized to address them. With a specific end goal to represent the sorts of observational investigations that have been embraced to date, we filtered the writing on the effect of financial class and sexual orientation on wellbeing. The easiest method for consolidating sexual orientation and class is to gauge sex contrasts inside class, as well as class contrasts by sex. Various examinations inspect how monetary class contrasts in wellbeing fluctuate by sexual orientation (or different measurements of imbalance, for example, race or ethnicity).
Some of these examinations analyze whether financial factors (together with different variables) represent contrasts in wellbeing amongst ladies and men generally speaking; amongst poor and non-poor ladies; between ethnic/race gatherings. What exactly degree do sexual orientation contrasts persevere in the wake of modifying for monetary contrasts among ethnic groups. Different examinations endeavor to develop existing work on wellbeing gradients3 and holes by asking whether class-based wellbeing imbalances (as estimated through financial inclinations in wellbeing, or the probability of particular wellbeing results) are the same among ladies and men among racial gatherings; and crosswise over stations. One of the inquiries one would looks to reply as well seems to be, do the social determinants of particular wellbeing results fluctuate diversely by financial positions for ladies and men. Different investigations investigate whether sex contrasts in wellbeing fluctuate over?
The other one can be; does sexual orientation, as experienced every day, clarify some portion of the social angle in wellbeing? It is essential to comprehend the monetary range (from poor to non-poor family units), and how family financial status influences wellbeing differentially for ladies and men inside the family unit. For example, are women versus men (young ladies versus young men) similarly helpless against sick wellbeing in poor family units? Is it accurate to say that they are similarly in danger in non-poor family units asking whether financial hardship impacts contrastingly on the wellbeing of ladies versus men, and what clarifies such variety? The system will likewise center on looking at whether racial segregation effectively affects men’s and women’s wellbeing.
Finally, all the above methods are helpful in understanding the inequalities in healthcare to a greater extent. One of the major advantages of using the suggested methods is that they are likely to help in considering the effective measures to address the problem of healthcare inequalities.
References
Bartley, M. (2014). Health inequality: an introduction to theories, concepts, and methods. Cambridge: Polity Press.
In Buchbinder, M., In Rivkin-Fish, M. R., & In Walker, R. L. (2016). Understanding health inequalities and justice: New conversations across the disciplines . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press.
In Tsouroufli, M. (2015). Gender, careers and inequalities in medicine and medical education: International perspectives . United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Sturm, R., & Gresenz, R. (2011). Relations of income inequality and family income to chronic medical conditions and mental health disorders: National survey. British Medical Journal 324:20-23.
Sundberg, T. & Winkelhake, O. (2007). Income-related inequalities in health: Some international comparisons. Journal of Health Economics 16:93-112.
Wilkinson, R. (2008). Income inequality and population health. Social Science & Medicine 47:411-412.
