Lack of Access to Modern Sanitation Systems

Part 1 

Lack of access to modern sanitation system means poor waste and sewage disposal thus increasing the risk for acquiring diseases which would destabilize my ability to carry out daily routines and impose additional treatment costs. If the water fountain at my local grocery store was the available source of clean water, it would positively impact my life and I would create time to line up and transport the water in clean containers as I consider reusing the valuable resource. Many people remain without clean water due to the poor management of industrial, urban and agricultural wastes which contaminates water sources; due to climate change, drought affects clean water supplies and thirdly, population increase globally results in high demand for clean water thus putting a strain to the already scarce resource (Cosgrove &Loucks, 2015) . Ensuring clean water and adequate sanitation necessitates improving water quality through safe reuse and wastewater treatment; providing access to sanitation and hygiene as well as increasing the equal access to safe and affordable water.However, the action have not been maximized due to the bureaucracies involved in the regulation of water and the disparities in the water challenge among different countries across the globe. 

Part 2 

Social determinants of child health include social support networks and social status of families. Greater support from families aids in improving child development through proper nutrition thus promoting better health. Social status correlates with economic stability and determines access to quality care (Park, Roubal, Jovaag, Gennuso& Catlin, 2015 ). Physical determinants include clean air, safe water and safe housing which contribute to good health, however contaminated water, polluted air and poor housing increases the risk of disease transmission to infants and children (Park et al., 2015) . Health interventions in infancy and childhood include monitoring and caring for child growth through immunization and proper nutrition. Additionally, development and engagement of maternal education in the advocacy for safe drinking water and sanitation collectively contributes to promotion of child health and attainment of the fourth Millennial Development Goal of reducing child mortality (Were et al., 2015) . 

Part 3 

In my view pregnancy can be risky for a woman as a result of emerging health conditions during the period such as preeclampsia and eclampsia, gestational diabetes, multiple gestation and congenital disorders that ought to be managed with treatments before birth. Unfortunately, disparities in maternal deaths between low and high income countries stem from different health systems whereby breakdown of health systems in fragile states increases the risk for maternal deaths. Additionally, the difference in the average number of pregnancies increases the lifetime risk for maternal mortality in low-come families (Bauserman et al., 2015) . Lastly socio-economic factors expressed though high poverty levels in low income countries affects access to quality health care services. Interventions to improve maternal mortality include family planning, prenatal care and evaluation of postnatal care in managing emerging complications (Gülmezoglu et al., 2016) . A study in 2012 indicated that the cost of family planning in developing countries was $4 billion (Chola, McGee, Tugendhaft, Buchmann&Hofman, 2015). The cost of prenatal care depends on the tests and physical examination as well the availability of nutritional resources such as zinc, calcium and folic acid supplementation (Gülmezoglu et al., 2016) . Postnatal care requires service delivery through access to skilled attendants and availability of resources such as transfusion units and effective antibiotics in managing anemia and sepsis respectively (Zeng et al., 2018) . 

References 

Bauserman, M., Lokangaka, A., Thorsten, V., Tshefu, A., Goudar, S. S., Esamai, F., &Manasyan, A. (2015). Risk factors for maternal death and trends in maternal mortality in low-and middle-income countries: a prospective longitudinal cohort analysis.  Reproductive health ,  12 (2), S5. 

Chola, L., McGee, S., Tugendhaft, A., Buchmann, E., &Hofman, K. (2015). Scaling up family planning to reduce maternal and child mortality: the potential costs and benefits of modern contraceptive use in South Africa.  PLoS One ,  10 (6), e0130077 

Cosgrove, W. J., &Loucks, D. P. (2015). Water management: Current and future challenges and research directions.  Water Resources Research ,  51 (6), 4823-4839. 

Gülmezoglu, A. M., Lawrie, T. A., Hezelgrave, N., Oladapo, O. T., Souza, J. P., Gielen, M., ...&Hofmeyr, G. J. (2016). Interventions to reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality. 

Park, H., Roubal, A. M., Jovaag, A., Gennuso, K. P., & Catlin, B. B. (2015).Relative contributions of a set of health factors to selected health outcomes.  American journal of preventive medicine ,  49 (6), 961-969. 

Were, W. M., Daelmans, B., Bhutta, Z., Duke, T., Bahl, R., Boschi-Pinto, C., ...&Bhan, M. K. (2015). Children’s health priorities and interventions.  bmj ,  351 , h4300. 

Zeng, W., Li, G., Ahn, H., Nguyen, H. T. H., Shepard, D. S., & Nair, D. (2018). Cost-effectiveness of health systems strengthening interventions in improving maternal and child health in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review.  Health policy and planning ,  33 (2), 283-297.