Macroscopic, chemstix, and microscopic analysis of urine

Macroscopic Analysis 

For each macroscopic characteristic of urine, complete the table by analyzing the sample in the virtual lab. 

Normal Value or Range- what is the normal result. 

Measured result- what is the actual result. 

Diagnosis- is the actual result normal or abnormal. 

Possible Cause- what could cause the abnormal results if they are abnormal. 

Characteristic	Normal Value or Range	Measured Results  (Circle ONE)	Diagnosis  Normal / Abnormal		Possible Causes  (Enter only if abnormal)
Color	Light to Medium Yellow	Colorless  Light to medium yellow  Very dark yellow  Red to brownish red  Reddish-brown to brown  Greenish tint	Normal		Not Applicable
Turbidity	Clear to very slightly cloudy	Clear  Slightly cloudy  Cloudy  Opaque  Flocculent	Normal		Not Applicable
Odor	Slightly Nutty (Aromatic smell)	Odorless  Musty  Nutty  Sweet & Fruity  Maple syrup	Normal		Not Applicable

Chemstix Analysis 

Complete the Chemstix test of the urine in the virtual lab. Fill in the data table below. 

Normal Value or Range- what are the normal results. 

Measured results- what are the actual results. 

Diagnosis- is the sample normal or abnormal. 

Possible Causes- what could cause those abnormal results if they are abnormal. 

Characteristic	Normal Value or Range	Measured Results	Diagnosis  Normal / Abnormal		Possible Causes  (Enter only if abnormal)
Specific Gravity	1.005 to 1.035	1.020	Normal		Not Applicable
pH	4.5 to 8.0	7.0	Normal		Not Applicable
Protein	Below 33	Between Trace and 33	Normal		Not Applicable
Glucose	Very Little or no glucose	2000	Abnormal		Diabetes mellitus, an adrenal gland problem, liver damage, brain injury, certain types of poisoning, and certain types of kidney diseases that decrease their ability to reabsorb glucose from the urine and damage the kidneys
Ketone	Trace, Small or Moderate	Moderate	Normal		Not Applicable
Nitrite	Very slight to no traces	Negative	Normal		Not Applicable
Blood	Very slight to no traces	Hemolyzed, Between trace and small	Normal		Not Applicable
Bilirubin	Very slight to no traces	Moderate	Normal		Not Applicable
Leukocytes	Negative	Negative	Normal		Not Applicable
Urobilinogen	0.2 to 1	Between 0.2 and 1	Normal		Not Applicable

Microscopic Analysis 

Complete the microscopic analysis of the urine sample. Fill in the data table below. 

Normal Value or Range- what are the normal results. 

Measured results- what are the actual results. 

Diagnosis- is the sample normal or abnormal. 

Possible Causes- what could cause those abnormal results if they are abnormal? 

Observed Character	Normal Value or Range	Measured Results	Diagnosis  Normal / Abnormal		Possible Causes  (Enter only if abnormal)
Red Blood Cells	Up to 5 RBC/HPF	5 RBC/HPF	Normal		Not Applicable
White Blood Cells	Less than 2 WBC/HPF	1 WBC/HPF	Normal		Not Applicable
Casts	Very few to absent	1 Cast/ LPF	Normal		Not Applicable
Crystals	Only a few crystals	Only a few crystals	Normal		Not Applicable
Microorganisms	Very few to no Microorganisms	Very few	Normal		Not Applicable
Epithelial Cells	Negative	Negative	Normal		Not Applicable
Cancer Cells	Negative	Negative	Normal		Not Applicable

Questions 

What metabolic by-product from hemoglobin colors the urine yellow? 

Urochrome 

How can adequate water intake be judged by the color of urine? 

Normal fresh urine is pale to medium yellow or amber in color and also clear 

What is hematuria? 

Hematuria referrers to the presence of blood in the urine 

What is the normal value for glucose in the urine? 

The normal value of glucose in the urine is 0 to 0.8 mmol/L (millimoles per liter) 

What is ketonuria? 

Ketonuria is a condition whereby it is excessive 

Elevated levels of white blood cells produce what condition in urine? 

Elevated levels of white blood cells produce Pyuria in the urine 

What cells would be found in urine that comes from the urethra or bladder? 

White Blood Cells 

Red Blood Cells 

Yeast Cells 

Epithelial Cells 

Cancer Cells