Malaria: a detrimental disease that kills large of the human population across the globe

Running head: BIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT 1 

Biology Assignment 

Ask the Professor 

Would it be more effective for natural immunity as opposed to the vaccine acquired immunity for disease management? 

Topic Selection and Reference 

Topic: The effects of malaria on pregnant mothers and infants 

The above selected topic will aim in discussing the issues about effects of malaria on infants and pregnant mothers. The topic was selected based on the statistical figures suggesting that malaria is a detrimental disease that kills large of the human population across the globe. 

References 

Harrington, W. E., Kakuru, A., & Jagannathan, P. (2019). Malaria in pregnancy shapes the development of foetal and infant immunity. Parasite immunology , 41 (3), e12573. 

Sutarto, S., Wardani, D. W. S., Oktarlina, R. Z., Aryanti, S., & Indriyani, R. (2019). Risk Factors for Malaria in Pregnant Women. KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat , 14 (3), 332-339. 

Thompson, J. M., Eick, S. M., Dailey, C., Dale, A. P., Mehta, M., Nair, A., ... & Welton, M. (2019). Relationship Between Pregnancy-Associated Malaria and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of tropical pediatrics . 

Assignment 3 

Research has been conducted to come up with different vaccines that help prevent the human body from specific pathology attacks. Vaccines are essential in handling the social immune system as when injected in the body, and they will prepare to fight the viruses or bacteria that are causing the disease in the human body. The fighting takes place without having the vaccine being exposed to the different pathology symptoms that might occur in the human body. It works in that vaccines activate the immune cells found in the human body. For example, when invaders are located in the human body such as viruses and bacteria, lymphocytes, which are immune cells, are what reacts through activation (Vijayan & Chitnis, 2019). The immune cells will respond by making sure that antibodies are produced. It is the antibodies that continuously fight with the invaders, which in biological terms are referred to as antigens. An outcome of such fights if the protection of a human body from facing infections of the viruses of bacteria (Vijayan & Chitnis, 2019). Research suggests that healthy individuals have the capability of producing millions of antibodies in a day. The production helps in the human body fighting infections efficiently to the point that humans also fail to know whether they had high exposures to the antigens. 

The distribution, as well as the supply of vaccines, is controlled by different agencies in different countries. An important fact is that the distribution process is dependent on licenses of the vaccines. These are licenses that are done in different national markets that are particular. The licensing process includes having the approval of the various manufacturing processes and assessing the available facilities found in some countries (Moyle & Toth, 2013). Consistent inspection is vital as it ensures quality manufacturing packaging and distribution of the vaccines to consumers across the globe. United Nations Agencies can procure vaccines, and the process requires certification by the World Health Organization (Moyle & Toth, 2013). The aim is to facilitate the consistent production of quality vaccines in line with other global standards. In countries like the EU, there are regulations in the supply as the government places price controls, which allows the vaccines to be procured by the governments on a tender basis. In other countries, the quantity and distribution of the vaccines will take place following a direct order by the health organization departments of the country. 

Assignment 4: TED Talk Videos 

From the Ted talk videos, different lessons can be extracted from the videos. One particular video aims at discussing the reason why vaccine development takes too long to be released. The challenge in this situation is that there might be a lack of support needed in the event of vaccines and failure to have sufficient resources and capacity building in the vaccine environment. The lessons learned from the video are that not having vaccines in a country is frightening. Thinking that a nation can protect itself from diseases is something exceptional, but in the Western world, the situation has been continuously taken for granted (Berkley, 2013). The threat to prevent different types of illnesses across the globe has declined continuously. For example, the case of Ebola is worth referencing. Ebola is a severe contagious disorder in the world today, but achieving vaccines that can treat Ebola is a challenge in the world (Berkley, 2013). The second lesson from the videos is that society has to change the perceptions that they hold regarding vaccines. Governments should ensure that they stop waiting until a disease consumes human lives to term it as a global threat. When there are incidences that conditions are present in society, they should be treated immediately. Upholding the thought that prevention is better than cure results in the improvement of vaccination development and access across the globe. It is the role of the government to build a reliable infrastructure that will help in detecting, preparation, and even preventing the disease from causing harm. 

From the t ed t alk s , vaccines are important, but there are challenges faced when manufacturing vaccines. Further, when the vaccines do not work, there should be structures in place to conduct monitoring and evaluation of the vaccines (You Tube, 2010). Any vaccine that brings about negative impacts on the consumers should be recalled immediately, and assessment is done to evaluate the problems. The process of manufacturing vaccines should not end with the supply and distribution process (You Tube, 2013). It should go beyond to understand the adverse impacts it might cause to the consumers and establish mechanisms to mitigate these negative impacts of vaccines. Consequently, there should be an availability of constant education among the healthcare organizations to disseminate information to the employees on how to handle vaccines to the community members. When new vaccines are rolled out, healthcare employees should understand the role that these vaccines bring out and the likely impacts that might occur or even how to prevent them from affecting human health. 

References 

Berkley, S. (2013). The troubling reason why vaccines are made too late … if they’re made at all. Retrieved from: blob:https://embed.ted.com/bcd2d9fd-ff3d-4dad-a857-34fb3353af02 

Berkley, S. (2013). HIV and FLU – The Vaccine Strategy. Retrieved from: blob:https://embed.ted.com/b63f0030-a4f1-4f32-983f-984bb3d5967d 

Moyle, P. M., & Toth, I. (2013). Modern subunit vaccines: development, components, and research opportunities. ChemMedChem , 8 (3), 360-376. 

You Tube, (2010). Types of immune responses: Innate and adaptive, humoral vs. cell-mediated | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rp7T4IItbtM 

You Tube, (2013). Making flu vaccine each year | Infectious diseases | Health & Medicine | Khan Academy. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xn29pt5159k 

Vijayan, A., & Chitnis, C. E. (2019). Development of Blood Stage Malaria Vaccines. In Malaria Control and Elimination (pp. 199-218). Humana, New York, NY.