Part 1
Sexual violence against women is a major public health issue and is more prevalent among displaced women and girls. According to Vu et al. (2014), refugees and internally displaced people are at a high risk of experiencing sexual violence and the prevalence of sexual violence within this population is unpredictable. The three factors that allow sexual violence to occur within this population include: the heightened vulnerability, armed forces and military personnel using rape as a weapon of war and the society’s attitudes and practices towards gender discrimination. During war, women and girls face a greater risk of experiencing sexual violence since family members, NGO and humanitarian workers as well as military personnel and armed forces may take advantage of the situation and sexually violate women.
Nurses must expand their role in the healthcare organization to address the issue of gender based violence among women. Thus, to reduce the statistics of sexual violence against women nurses must identify and manage women and girls that have experienced physical and sexual violence. According to Tappis et al. (2016) it is important for nurses to understand the underlying social issues that promote sexual violence against women in order to provide effective psychosocial support. Secondly, nurses can provide access to comprehensive health care services by creating a linkage between community resources and individual health services. This allows nurses to implement preventive approaches as part of their role as health workers and advocates. Thirdly, nurses can integrate their skills and knowledge with direct patient care in order to increase the range of health and social services available for rape victims.
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Part 2
Human beings have the responsibility of identifying and managing disasters and catastrophes that occur in the world. This can be done both at a personal level and at community or national level. It is the duty of any individual to report anything they find abnormal and which is likely to be a disaster or catastrophe. In addition, surveillance teams of local authorities should ensure that they perform frequent surveillance in areas prone to disasters. This is the true essence of preparedness.
The management of disasters and catastrophes requires a multidisciplinary approach. This should start from preparedness, mitigation and response. Every government, both local and national should have a disaster management team. There is also the need to have a budget set for the same. This team should be well trained to coordinate activities in the event of a catastrophe or disaster. The team should include various disciplines such as the police, scientists, healthcare providers just to mention a few. National leaders, policy makers and international organizations such as the UN have the responsibility of implementing effective strategies that will address the causes and impacts of the experienced disasters. According to Knap and Rusyn (2016), the national government and international humanitarian organizations are expected to fund and manage programs that address the disasters and catastrophes experienced. This means that international organizations are required to step in and assist in managing a catastrophe that is affecting a population; particularly in situations whereby the national government does not have the financial means or resources to manage the disaster.
Part 3
Question A
Effective advocacy and policy development is one that influences the governing body of an organization to ensure that its objectives and that of the stakeholders are implemented. Therefore, the skills needed for advocacy and policy development include; critical thinking and problem solving skills, effective communication and leadership skills. Arabi et al. (2014) assert that nurses’ advocacy and policy development approaches in healthcare influences the quality of care and services offered in a healthcare organization. This is because; nurses have personal views about health care issues, which influence the healthcare policies in various ways.
Global health issue management is affected by the availability and allocation of resources across different health conditions. According to Shiffman (2017), the distribution of resources does not correspond with the global disease burden which makes it challenge to effectively address the global health condition identified. As a result, global health policy makers encounter challenges in defining the health problem and presenting it to the key stakeholders, building alliances with different organizations and implementing governing institutions that can effectively tackle the health issues.
Question b
Nurses can address and improve global health needs by ensuring that there is quality care and services available for patients. According to Edmonson et al. (2017), public health nurses have the responsibility of ensuring that there are no health inequalities in health care organizations. Secondly, in nursing practice nurses should strive to promote equity by promoting healthy relationships between health care workers and patients in diverse cultures and populations. In nursing education, nurses should focus on informing public on various ways they can improve their health outcomes. In addition to this, nurses should use the available health resources to create awareness about the existing health issues within the community. Nurses should utilize their skills and knowledge to define and manage health issues within a population using the available information system. By utilizing nursing informatics knowledge nurses can improve communication systems within a healthcare organization.
References
Arabi, A., Rafii, F., Cheraghi, M. A., & Ghiyasvandian, S. (2014). Nurses' policy influence: A concept analysis. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research , 19 (3), 315–322.
Edmonson, C., McCarthy, C., Trent-Adams, S., McCain, C., & Marshall, J., (2017) "Emerging Global Health Issues: A Nurse’s Role" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 22, No. 1. Retrieved from: http://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-22-2017/No1-Jan-2017/Emerging-Global-Health-Issues.html
Knap, A. H., & Rusyn, I. (2016). Environmental exposures due to natural disasters. Reviews on environmental health , 31 (1), 89–92. doi:10.1515/reveh-2016-0010
Shiffman J. (2017). Four Challenges That Global Health Networks Face. International journal of health policy and management , 6 (4), 183–189. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.14
Tappis H, Freeman J, Glass N, Doocy S. (2016), Effectiveness of Interventions, Programs and Strategies for Gender-based Violence Prevention in Refugee Populations: An Integrative Review. PLOS Currents Disasters . Edition 1. doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.3a465b66f9327676d61eb8120eaa5499.
Vu, A., Adam, A., Wirtz, A., Pham, K., Rubenstein, L., Glass, N., & Singh, S. (2014). The Prevalence of Sexual Violence among Female Refugees in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. PLoS currents , 6 , ecurrents.dis.835f10778fd80ae031aac12d3b533ca7. doi:10.1371/currents.dis.835f10778fd80ae031aac12d3b533ca7
