An error occurs when there is a difference between the actual (real) and the measured (observed) value. There are two types of errors that affect the scores of measurement, which include systematic and random errors. Systematic errors are biases that lead to higher or lower measured values as compared to the actual values are in the same direction. Systematic errors result from measurement equipment being faulty, or the experiment design has flaws. The systematic errors are caused by the incorrectness of calibration or the incorrect use of the measurement equipment.
Random errors occur due to uncertainty that is a characteristic of the process of measurement and variations in the variables being measured. Random errors are a result of the inability of the experimenter to take the same measurements in the same way to get the same measurements. Random errors shift around the actual value, and they are unavoidable, unlike systematic errors.
Delegate your assignment to our experts and they will do the rest.
One of the rules that any researcher should keep in mind when developing the questions of a questionnaire to ensure that they are not biased include the use of simple and understandable words. A researcher should ensure that the terms used are not complicated and uncommon. Abbreviations, acronyms, or even jargon should be avoided at all costs. The second rule is avoiding questions and words that are ambiguous. Words that can lead to confusion or vagueness should be avoided while developing questions. The third rule is avoiding questions that are leading. Hypothetical questions and those that seem to require a particular response should be avoided.
Another rule to keep in mind is avoiding unstated alternatives. Alternative answers that are not expressed in the options of the questions should be avoided during the development of questions. Avoiding consequences that are assumed is another rule to be considered. Researchers should avoid framing questions such that they do not state the consequences clearly to prevent generating different responses from people who may assume different consequences. Another rule is to avoid questions that are double-barreled. Questions that call for more than one answer and can create confusion for the respondent should be avoided.
