The crusades were series of religious and political fights for the control of the Holly land. The crusade war came about between the year 1096 and the year 1291. Staunch Christians and Muslims, as well as other people who had different religious belief, took part during this war resulting to loss of lives. The Second Pope was the brain behind the first Crusade in the world. The idea to establish a crusade came in the year 1096 to 1102. During this period, the Christians from the Byzantine Empire were under constant attack from the Muslim Seljuk Turks ( Houlihan, 2015). According to the Pope, there was a need to rescue these individuals. As a result, the pope came up with a plan to have a Christian army who would fight a holy war against the Muslims. The mission was successful, and the Christian managed to capture the Jerusalem in the year 1099. Another crusade was formed by the Muslim who opted to fight back and get their land
Religion was a significant factor that was put into use by Roman Catholic to promote crusade. There was a religious persuasion that seeks to plead with people to take part in these wars to save their fellow Christians. They were told that they were fighting a holy war and thus God would prevail ( Houlihan, 2015). Further, the Christians were told that they were fighting for the Holy Land. , there were additionally, there were promises for the soldiers. The divine promise was forgiven of sins and indulgence. Earthly promises were freedom from taxes, ad debt forgiveness.
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Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties were the most powerful and well decorated Islamic empires of all time. Though the two were very strong, Umayyad lost different wars and grew weak due to massive loses of their soldiers and properties during the battles. As a result, it was overthrown by the Abbasid. The kingdoms expounded as a result different methods that they put into use ( Chaney, 2018). Their first method was conquering enemies and taking their territories. Example of the victims of this method was Persia and Syrian empires. As a result, they got more lands. The second method of expansion that was similar for both the empires was forming alliances. Once the dynasties came together and became strong, it was impossible to overthrow them. They become the administrators, and this made them the superpowers with enough land, army and fighting weapons.
Umayyad anchored their administration from tactics from Byzantine and Persian Kingdoms. They also held Islamic beliefs, and this made their system of governance bureaucratic. The decision was made from the apex of the kingdom and distributed to the lower level until the community level ( Rahmani, 2017). On the other hand, Abbasid had a public administration. Their governance was also centralized. The society was their priority. The policies are making involved consulting the community to understand their issues.
According to Stray (2013) the disease also traveled through the trade routes from one place to another. The Silk Road brought about the disease to the new areas where the road ended or passed from its source. In the countries where the Silk Road originated, people developed resistance to diseases such as Smallpox and measles. However, the new people who were exposed to such disease were affected significantly. An example is the Han Dynasty in China and the Roman Empire. As a result of such conditions, there was a massive reduction in production and political activities in such countries.
References
Chaney, E. (2018). Religion, Political Power and Human Capital Formation: Evidence from Islamic History. Advances in the Economics of Religion (Jean-Paul Carvalho, Jared Rubin, and Sriya Iyer, eds.), Palgrave .
Houlihan, P. J. (2015). Catholicism and the Great War . Cambridge University Press.
Rahmani, Z. (2017). Redress of Public Grievances in the Umayyad and Abbasid Era. The Dialogue , 12 (1), 1-1.
Strayer, R. (2013). Ways of the world. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin Editors of Encyclopedia.
