Apoptosis is described as programmed cell death. The process often reduces the cell contents' leaking and the result is inflammation. For the case of necrosis, there is the process of swelling cells which later burst, of which the contents are then released from the cells into the extracellular space that leads to the said inflammation (Pattani et al., 2015). In comparison using Mark's case study (48-year-old male), it is evident that the patient has had a history of diabetes mellitus type 2 in which case, both necrosis and apoptosis are greater in the patient. Also, diabetes from the patient's history increases both necrosis and apoptosis in the myocardium. The results of such a case are the increased cardiac-related mortality and morbidity associated with cardiac surgery given that Mark's family history is comprised of coronary artery disease.
Role of Hydrostatic and Oncotic Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is based on the blood pressure on the capillaries' walls whereas the oncotic pressure is based on the proteins that draw water and stay within the capillaries. Regulations become more important at the capillary point, that is, the circulatory system point where there exists permeability to both water and solute (Darwish & Lui, 2019).
Delegate your assignment to our experts and they will do the rest.
In the case of Mark (48-year-old male), there are extracellular fluid ions such as Cl-, K- and Na+ which can move between the interstitial fluid spaces and the patient's plasma rapidly, thus making them become less effective oncotic agents. The proteins mentioned in the case study as troponin 6 ng/dl are restricted to the patient's plasma compartment, thus making them more useful oncotic agents due to the effectiveness to draw water from a low concentration of protein (in the interstitial space) to a high protein concentration (in the plasma compartment). The oncotic pressure in the given example by the troponin protein fluid movement between the plasma compartments illustrates the plasma oncotic pressure or the colloid osmotic pressure.
Role of Free Radicals and Myocardial Death
Free radicals are derived from different sources that comprise prostaglandins biosynthesis, electron transport chain of the mitochondria, and other blood circulating elements. Free radicals such as N-[2-mercaptopropionyl] glycine that degrade oxygen species (catalase or superoxide dismutase) can decrease the myocardial tissue mass that experiences an irreversible injury. Neutrophils entering into the injured myocardium through the activation of chemotactic attraction and complement system release and generate cytotoxic and highly reactive destructive oxygen derivatives to the cardiac myocytes and vascular endothelium. Within the area at risk or the myocardial region, there is a number of cells that encounter reversible injury and the specified reperfusion period is capable to return to normal the jeopardized cells (Santo, Zhu & Li, 2016). As a result of such cell restoration, early reperfusion needs to be developed to avoid the myocardial death.
References
Darwish, A., & Lui, F. (2019). Physiology, Colloid Osmotic Pressure. In StatPearls [Internet] . StatPearls Publishing.
Pattani, V. P., Shah, J., Atalis, A., Sharma, A., & Tunnell, J. W. (2015). Role of apoptosis and necrosis in cell death induced by nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy. Journal of Nanoparticle Research , 17 (1), 20.
Santo, A., Zhu, H., & Li, Y. R. (2016). Free radicals: from health to disease. Reactive Oxygen Species , 2 (4), 245-263.
