New York City is known for the rampancy of massive natural disasters and terrorism. Besides, different emergencies like cybersecurity, extreme weather and adverse health emergencies are common phenomena in the state. These situations require continuous monitoring and attention from stakeholders like the government, private and public sectors. The uncertainty of the emergencies prompts continuous monitoring, evaluation and preparedness of the stakeholders in the quest to enhance the overall welfare of the residents (White, 2016) . Homeland security serves to organize, unify and guide security efforts to fund and effect security-related programs, strategies and priorities in the area.
Emergency Management Stakeholders
Emergency management stakeholders constitute of the parties that contribute to, are affected and take part in planning on the mitigation and recovery from the disaster or emergency. They include emergency service providers like firefighters, police and rescue agencies. Here, both government and non-government agencies take part in the normalization of the effects associated with the emergencies. Hospitals and other health facilities also take part in the emergency management programs as they directly deal with the injured and vulnerable parties in the emergencies. Local business people and institutions like schools are affected by emergencies as they are filled with confusion in the face of such situations. Local government representatives further play a crucial role during the recovery and response in emergencies. The media and communication companies positively affect the interpretation and passage of information to the public as the progress of the situation. They play a significant role in calming down the residents about the occurrences and offering the way forward ( McElreath et al., 2017) . Most importantly, the members of the community are stakeholders who are directly hit by the effects of the emergencies as they affect their daily operations.
Delegate your assignment to our experts and they will do the rest.
Hazards
New York City is vulnerable to technological, natural, human-made, and HazMat hazards. The city embraces technology advancement, and hence it is subjected to massive technology failure as the new technologies are filled with numerous loopholes that give room to accidents. The collapse of technological buildings and garages occur in case of mistakes during their development. Also, the communication systems and transport systems like rails continually break down in the city. The primary natural hazard in the city is flooding as it manifests itself both in the past and present city situation. Others include fires, tornadoes, landslides, earthquakes, storms, droughts and hurricanes. The rising climate change is the reason behind these aspects (White, 2016) . The hazards are detrimental to the welfare and the health of New York residents.
Hazmat hazards constitute of the toxins and other pollutants released to the atmosphere. They are attributed to the rising and advancement of industrialization in the city. The materials cause health problems on the residents as they get in contact with their body systems; they are rendered human-made as the actions of the people primarily contribute them. Apart from human health, they further affect the health of the crops and hence result in agricultural crisis ( McElreath et al., 2017) . New York largely depends on agriculture, and their exposure to the contaminating and pathogenic substances negatively affects the trees, pasture and agricultural production.
Disaster Preparedness
The best way to handle disasters is to prepare to face them. Their anticipation gives the residents a hint of what to expect when they occur. The fact that they happened in the past makes it a reference point for the residents to prepare for their future occurrence. Communication is an excellent tool in the preparedness of residents in vulnerable areas. Families should connect with their neighborhoods through frequent communication and updates about the presence of these disasters. They should incorporate a flexible family disaster response plan to minimize the confusion associated with the natural, technological, human-made and hazmat hazards. For instance, through communication and connection, the scientific predictions of the natural hazards in New York City can be adequately managed ( McElreath et al., 2017) . Continuous research on the reasons behind their occurrence is crucial in unraveling their uncertainty, and in the end, most parties are rendered safe.
Additionally, the children, elderly and the disabled should be briefed on the anticipation of the significant hazards, and they should be involved in the disaster management plan. These parties get affected most due to their vulnerability, and as such, they should be given priority during the preparation exercise (Radvanovsky & McDougall, 2018) . The trauma that follows these parties is attributed to their unpreparedness and in the quest minimize it, protocols associated with the hazards should be outlined beforehand.
Furthermore, the government should step in to prevent the effects of these disasters from harming the residents. All forms of government should join forces to avoid rather than to deal with the anticipated impacts of these disasters. For instance, the fact that the floods are frequent in New York, the government should come up with schemes to divert the floods based on their past occurrences ( McElreath et al., 2017) . To mitigate them, FEMA funds should be utilized building floodwalls before the presence of the floods.
Besides, the government should come up with policies against the release of toxins to the atmosphere to eradicate the effects associated with the pollutants. Stern measures penalties should be administered to parties that go against these policies (Lansford & Pauly Jr, 2016) . Ultimately, the human and plant health will be catered for in both the short and long-term effects of the pollutants.
The public should further be trained on the anticipated hazards and how to mitigate and manage them. The knowledge of the operation of different equipment for disaster management like fire extinguishers should be passed to the public. With this preparedness, such occurrences will be handled with great ease, minimizing the extent of the associated effects.
Regarding the terrorist schemes, the government should come up with advanced intelligence and communication system to track even the smallest terrorist attempt. The government should regain its public trust to collaborate with the New York residents in the war on terror. Through their collaboration, the residents will freely offer leading information to frustrate the efforts of the terrorists in both the short and long-term periods. In the case of communicable diseases, the different levels of government should set aside funds to cater to the needs of the patients in such cases (Lansford & Pauly Jr, 2016) . Regardless of the tightness of the budget, they should prioritize emergency funds to curb the effects caused by disasters.
Response, Recovery, and Emergency Command
Not all risks and hazards can be prevented, and hence those that occur in New York should embrace their emergency plans. The emergency preparation plans include the response, recovery and emergency command procedures. For proper management of the emergencies and hazards, it is crucial to establish an appropriate response and aftermath plans. Similar to disaster preparedness, communication is a vital tool in Response, recovery, and emergency command. The channels of communications should not mislead the vulnerable and affected parties (Taylor & Swanson, 2016) . The responses to these hazards should be directed towards saving lives.
The emergency service providers like the police and the firefighters should be on the alert to offer the required aid promptly as any delay will multiply the effects of the disasters in question. The media houses should communicate the progress of the rescue or response mission to the affected parties to ease their worries ( McElreath et al., 2017). Also, public and private health facilities in New York should collaborate with the government to save the affected parties regardless of their status in society.
After the rescue mission, the emergency victims should be screened to ensure that no permanent damages are left in them. For instance, the children and other affected individuals should be subjected to counseling to minimize the trauma associated with these occurrences (Lansford & Pauly Jr, 2016) . Also, the affected households should be assisted in the acquisition of the necessities in the next two weeks. Such programs require enough emergency recovery funds in both the state and the federal government.
The authorities in question should use such incidences to enhance the learning process in preparation of better response in future emergency situations. Through the previous and current challenges, these parties should establish, rehearse and apply a reliable preparedness, response and recovery plan.
Application of other Region’s Policies
Apart from New York City’s disaster plans, the city can employ other regions plans depending on the similarities of the circumstances. Since the hazards occur in other areas across the world, the plans should use such experiences as reference points to perfect their preparedness. In case they are applied appropriately, these policies work towards minimizing the effects of the hazards in question.
Mitigation Recommendations
The effects of the New York City hazards are tremendous, and in the quest to eradicate them, it is appropriate to collaborate. In this case, the public and private institutions, local and state governments, and governmental and non-governmental organizations should join their hands in creating awareness, disaster preparedness, response and recovery in the New York City. Also, the culture of research, forecasting and communication should be practiced to enhance the welfare of the residents. Finally, prevention policies should be enforced to curb preventable human hazards.
Biblical Perspectives
Religion shapes the reasoning of different societies. Christians connect the occurrences in the world to biblical interpretations. Natural disasters are viewed as punishment on humans due to their disconnection from their creator. They are referred to as acts of God. From the biblical point of view, people should prevent the occurrence of these disasters through their connection and reference to God. Even when they occur, they should exercise their faith and turn away from their sins as they cope and respond to them. The eternal recovery from these disasters entails the hope of the eternal life associated with the creator.
References
Lansford, T., & Pauly Jr, R. J. (2016). To protect and defend: US homeland security policy . Routledge.
McElreath, D. H., Doss, D. A., Nations, R., Van Slyke, J., & Wigginton Jr, M. (2017). Introduction to homeland security . CRC Press.
Radvanovsky, R. S., & McDougall, A. (2018). Critical infrastructure: homeland security and emergency preparedness . CRC press.
Taylor, R. W., & Swanson, C. R. (2016). Terrorism, intelligence and homeland security . Pearson.
White, J. R. (2016). Terrorism and homeland security . Cengage Learning.
