Acute Asthma
Asthma is characterized by the limitation in the airway of the person concerned. For the acute asthma, there is the act of bronchoconstriction that is often characterized by the clinical symptoms linked to the narrowing of the airway and the subsequent interference of the airway that would lead to the development of acute cases of the problem. The smooth muscles in the bronchioles undergo the contraction process very quickly that enables the narrowing of the airway as a response mechanism. This mechanism helps in the exposing of the various stimuli such as the irritants and allergens. The stimuli initiated by the allergens results in the release of the IgE- dependent mediators in the system. The release is induced in a number of mast cells from the prostaglandins, histamine, leukotrienes, and tryptase. These mast cells help in the escalation of the process of contraction on the smooth muscles in the bronchioles. Other drugs containing Aspirin can also influence the contraction process and thus cause the acute obstruction of the airway in the person ( Meurs et al., 2019) . This non-IgE-dependent response involves the release of the mediator from the airway cells of the person concerned in one way or the other. Other stimuli such as irritants, cold air, and exercise can also lead to the onset of acute asthma. The mechanisms used in the control of the responses in the airway often lead to the inflammations in the airway.
Stress can also precipitate acute asthma by enhancing the generation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines in the respiratory system of the individual. Other factors are also believed to be responsible for the onset and propagation of the acute asthma. These factors include conditions such as mucus hyper secretion, inflammation, and edema. The formation of inspissated mucus can also lead to the development of asthma condition in some patients to a wide berth of events ( Klein et al., 2019) . The structural transformations that would incorporate hyperplasia and hypertrophy on the smooth muscle of the bronchioles could lead to the development and onset of the acute asthma in most of the children. The changes may not respond to treatments available in the medical sector.
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Chronic Asthma
As the condition progresses, other factors come into the Pathophysiology of the problem especially in children. This gesture is based on the fact that the problem becomes more persistent and resistant to the treatment remedies. The first aspect in this case is the hyper responsiveness of the airway. This factor is linked to the exaggerated bronchoconstrictor response to the series of stimuli. This is the main feature in chronic asthma and may not be the only feature linked to the condition in one way or the other. There is a relationship between the manner in which the clinical severity of the problem and the extent to which the hyper responsiveness could be defined by the contractile mechanisms that respond to the problems with the methacholine in the respiratory system in a much organized manner ( Diamant et al., 2019) . The mechanisms that influence the hyper responsiveness of the airway are varied and could include neuroregulation, dysfunctional, structural changes, and the inflammations in the respiratory system in an organized manner. Out of these conditions, inflammation appears to be the major factor leading to the propagation of the chronic asthma. The treatment remedies that are directed toward the reduction of the inflammation can help in controlling the hyper responsiveness and the management of the chronic asthma conditions among the children.
The other mechanism that tends to propagate the development of the chronic asthma includes the process of remodeling in the airway. In some of the asthma patients, the airflow limitation may be only reversible partially. The structural changes can occur permanently on the airway. These changes are linked to the progressive loss of the functions of the lungs. These losses may be prevented by the reversible current therapies available in the medical setting. The remodeling of the airway may involve the factors linked to the activation of the structural cells presenting the permanent changes in the system. The same changes can also help in the obstruction of the airway responsiveness and this mechanism would render the patient less responsive to the treatment therapies ( Loeffler et al., 2019) . The structural changes include the broadening of the sub-basement membrane, and the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the airway smooth muscle. Others in the same gesture include dilation and proliferation of the arteries and veins in the circulatory system. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the mucous gland and the sub epithelial fibrosis could also lead to the advancement of the chronic asthma.
Diagnosis
Based on the features described above, asthma conditions can be diagnosed through a series of tests. These tests include the pulmonary function tests such as the melancholine challenge tests and spirometry. Other tests could involve the determination o the allergic conditions in the patient. Blood tests can also be carried out to help in the determination of the overall health of the person. Specific tests would measure the levels of IgE. This antibody is often released during allergic reaction. As much as every person utilizes the production of IgE, allergic persons tend to produce large quantities of the protective protein. The presence of allergies such as GERD, sinusitis help in the early detection of the asthma condition on the patient ( Marshall Jr, 2019) . With proper and early detection of the disease, treatment remedies can be prescribed to help in the management and realignment of the prevention strategies toward the asthma attacks.
References
Diamant, Z., Aalders, W., Parulekar, A., Bjermer, L., & Hanania, N. A. (2019). Targeting lipid mediators in asthma: time for reappraisal. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine , 25 (1), 121-127.
Klein, M., Dijoux, E., Dilasser, F., Hassoun, D., Moui, A., Loirand, G., & Bouchaud, G. (2019). New protagonists in asthma Pathophysiology. Presse medicale (Paris, France: 1983) .
Loeffler, J., Huang, Y., Klein, E., Hammerschlag, M. R., Joks, R., Kohlhoff, S. A., & Smith-Norowitz, T. A. (2019). Levels of Chlamydia pneumoniae Immunoglobulin E antibody in patients with asthma compared with non-asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , 143 (2), AB9.
Marshall Jr, G. D. (2019). Psychological stress, immunity, and asthma: developing a paradigm for effective therapy and prevention. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences , 28 , 14-19.
Meurs, H., Zaagsma, J., Maarsingh, H., & van Duin, M. (2019). Recent Patents in Allergy/Immunology: Use of arginase inhibitors in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Allergy .
