According to McCance & Huether, 2014, the most common symptom of emphysema is dyspnea that progresses to dyspnea at rest from dyspnea on exertion. Other symptoms include unproductive cough, thinning with a barrel chest, prolonged expiration as well as tachypnic. The patient uses accessory muscle for inspiration, and his/her chest has hyperrsonant sound characterized with percussion. In most cases, the patient sits in a tripod position in an attempt to utilize pursed-lip breathing as well as increase his/her lung capacity.
2. The interpretations, as well as the purpose of the pulmonary function test.
Evaluating the resolution or progression of the disease as well as providing information regarding the possible cause of respiratory abnormality (McCance & Huether, 2014). The diffusion capacity is measured using the rate of gas diffusing across the alveolocapillary membrane. If the results show decreasing diffusing capacity the patient has diffusion defect or abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratio.
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3. Emphysema’s pathophysiological findings?
Alveoli destruction trough lung apoptosis, oxidative stress, anti-proteases proteases imbalance
4. Functions of the brain stem’s respiratory center
According to McCance, Huether, 2014, the three tasks of brainstem’s respiratory center include:
Ventral respiratory group composition
Pneumotaxic center composition
Apneustic center composition
Basic automatic respiratory rhythm
Increasing ventilation
Modifying the inspiratory rate as well as depth
5. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
It is the graphical illustration of the desaturation as well as the saturation of hemoglobin appearing as a sigmoid curve (an S curve).
6. Bronchitis’ specifying pathophysiological findings
According to Mayo Clinic, (2018), about fifty percent of bronchitis patients have an up to three weeks cough
Frequent infectious exacerbations with productive cough and dyspnea
Airway injury due to increased pulmonary infection susceptibility
Compromised lungs’ defense mechanism
References
MacGill, M., & University of Illinois-Chicago, S. (2017). Emphysema: Symptoms, treatment, and causes. Retrieved 12 September 2019, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8934.php
Mayo Clinic. (2018). Bronchitis. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bronchitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355566
McCance, K., & Huether, E. (2014). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St Louis, MO: Mosby
