25. Explain why the information about TB in Figure 8.1 can be considered reliable. Five criteria used to assess reliability.
There are five major factors that demonstrate that information in figure 8.1 is reliable. First there is the name of the organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which is a federal government agency responsible for conduction scientific research on health conditions. Secondly, the image provides contact information that readers can use to reach out to the team involved in the research to find more information on TB. Thirdly, the image shows available links that are functional and can be used to gain access to additional information. Fourth, the image provides a clear date when the information was published which is recently. Finally, figure 8.1 provides the authors of the content responsible for its creation.
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26. a. Which feature of the website you chose was most important in making it seem reliable
The name of the organization responsible for posting the information on poliomyelitis is particularly important in making it seem reliable. The website is the world health organization ( http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/polio/en/ ) which is involved in directing and coordinating authority on international health in the UN.
26. b. What are some potential long-term consequences of a polio infection?
There are numerous long-term effects of polio including muscle weakness, fatigue, and lack ability to function appropriately hence requiring assistive aids including crutches, wheelchairs, surgeries, and ventilators.
26. c. How can its spread be prevented?
Hygiene and sanitation practices that include provision of clean water is an essential factor in preventing spread of polio. However, immunization has been the cornerstone of eradicating the disease with the vaccine available in two types, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and a live attenuated OPV. The latter helps in inducing humoral and intestinal immunity while IPV helps reduce the risk of vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) tha affects 4 in 1 million immunized patients. The former is particularly effective in outbreak control due to is ability to confer intestinal immunity.
27. Describe how polio is spread.
The disease is caused by infection of the poliovirus which multiplies in the gastrointestinal tract.
It easily spread from one person to the net through contaminated food and water.
Coming into contact with saliva and feces contaminated with the virus will lead to infection.
28. Describe some of the means that international NGOs like The Rotary Foundation use to control the spread of disease.
Numerous countries around the world have a difficult time containing disease outbreaks hence require ongoing support. International NGOs can provide the much needed support. The Rotary Foundation was involved in a global eradication campaign of polio in 1988. The campaign continues to date and this international NGO has ensured reduced incidence by from 350,000 cases to 1,000 currently. Vaccination and education are other basic means of minimizing the spread of the disease. Members of the foundation travel across the world donating their time to administer the vaccines to at-risk children. Additionally, volunteers move from school to school as they seek to teach children on disease prevention as they educate their parents on the importance of immunization.
29. List three factors that contribute to the outbreak of cholera.
Bacterial infection caused by Vibrio cholera that multiplies in the small intestine.
Outbreaks occur due to poor sanitation where water contaminated with human feces from other cholera patients.
Lack of access to clean drinking water is a major cause for outbreaks in developing countries.
Inadequate basic infrastructure or disruptions of water systems increase the risk of possible outbreak.
30. a. Describe the NGO known as MSF
The NGO Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is popularly known in English as “Doctors Without Borders”. The organization of French origin is best known for carrying out projects in conflict ones and countries that suffer from endemic diseases. Private donors have provided nearly 90% of the funding used to employ over 30,000 personnel while the rest is received fro corporation. This has been an important factor in sustaining its $1.63 billion annual budget. Some of the personnel include water and sanitation engineers, doctors, nurses, other medical professionals, administrators, and logistics experts.
30. b. How did MSF help minimize the impact of the 2010 cholera outbreak in Zambia.
In April 2010, Zambia experienced one of the worst cholera outbreaks where in five weks the number of cases had risen to 4,500 and a total of 120 deaths had occurred. MSF set up three cholera treatment centers (CTC) in Matero, Chawama, and Kanyama. These centers had a capacity of 567 beds for close monitoring of severely affected patients. The organization also supported 17 cholera treatments units. The organization in collaboration with the country’s Ministry of Health treated 4,020 patients. MSF helped provide treated water, improving sewer drainage, disinfection of the homes of patients, and provision of education on safe health practices through TV adverts and drama helped contain the problem.
31. Explain why you consider the sources of information used to answer question 30.
The source used for information used to answer question 30 is the organization’s website where it records all its activities and projects carried out around the world.
32. a. Image of types of bacterium
32. b. What is the main difference in their overall shape
V. cholera is chaped like a coma while myocabacterium tuberculosis is usually straight or slightly curved.
32. c. What feature of an infection by tuberculosis is noticeable when viewed under lower magnification
Caseous granulomas are evident within a few weeks after infection.
33. Fill the table
| M. tuberculosis | V. Cholera | |
| Disease Caused | Tuberculosis | Cholera |
| Mode of transmission | Air | Contaminated water and food |
| Tissue affected | Lungs | Small intestine |
| Symptoms | Chronic cough, blood-containing sputum, night sweats, fever, and weight loss. | Muscle cramps, low blood pressure, rapid heart reat, dehydration, dry mucous membranes |
| How quickly symptoms appear | For latent TB there are none, but for active it may take between two to three months and in some cases years. | Can begin as soon as a few hours to within five days after infection. |
Key Questions
24. a. Reliability of article
Website - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033067/
Authors- Clifford G. Clark, Lawrence Price, Rafiq Ahmed, David L. Woodward, Pasquale L. Melito, Frank G. Rodgers, Frances Jamieson, Bruce Ciebin, Aimin Li, and Andrea Ellis
Date of publication- October 2003
Objective reasoning – The article has been reviewed by peers and incorporates appropriate scientific methodology of research.
Eternal links- Bruce-Grey-Owen Sound Health Unit Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a contaminated municipal water supply, Walkerton, Ontario, May–June 2000. Can Comm Dis Rep 2000;26–20:170–3. [ PubMed ]
25. Why do we still vaccinate against poliovirus
The primary intent is to ensure protective immunity of the body from the disease.
26. Compare and contrast cholera and polio two similarities and differences
Similarities include: Infected human feces are common medium spreading both diseases.
Both diseases have vaccines to prevent the occurrence though for cholera it has not been extensively implemented.
Differences include: Cholera is caused by a bacteria while polio is caused by virus.
Cholera affects the digestive system leading to severe diarrhea while polio affects the nervous system leading to paralysis.
