Case study1:
Excessive flow of fluid trapped in the body's tissues always leads to Edema. Even though Edema may affect whole parts of the body, it is noticeable in your hands, arms, feet, legs, and ankles. Pregnancy, underlying disease, and medication are assumed to be the primary causes of Edema (Bhattacharya et al. 2016). These diseases include cirrhosis of the liver, kidney disorder, and congestive heart difficulties are the simple signs of Edema. However, treatment to remove extra fluid and to lower the salt intake in your food will always relieve Edema. Edema is conventionally associated with tiny blood vessels in the human body. The fluid usually occurs in the surrounding tissues hence leading to leg swelling.
Prolonged sitting in the airlines is a classic example of signs developing into leg swelling. A persistent deep blood clot is usually a common indicator of leg pain and swelling (Daruich et al. 2018). In certain situations, however, Edema is typically a sign of intensive underlying severe medical situation. Despite the fact these are common signs of Edema, several diseases and difficulties also cause the condition (Suzuki et al. 2016). The chambers will always lose the ability to pump sufficient blood in a situation of congestive heart failure. The primary outcome of Edema is back up in the legs, legs, and ankles. The fluid mostly accumulates around the abdominal cavity and in the lower limbs as a result of liver problems. In many cases, you experience kidney failure, excessive fluid combined with more than sufficient supply sodium in the circulation may also be the potential symptoms of Edema. In the case of venous severe chronic insufficiency, it commonly allows the automatic flow of blood in leak flow or damaged veins, causing leg swellings. The typical occurrence of a blood clot in the veins leads to leg swelling.
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Edema is usually a result of tiny blood vessels in the body. The fluid happens in the surrounding body tissues, thus leading to swelling, especially in the legs. Mild cases of this disorder may be a result of staying in one position for a long time. Signs and symptoms associated with premenstrual and excessive intake of salty food are common problems, leading to Edema's mild cases. However, in some situations, Edema is typically a sign of a more complicated underlying medical disorder. Various health difficulties and diseases are, in some situations, lead to Edema. One or both of the lower chambers of the heart may fail to pump blood more effectively as a result of congestive heart difficulties. In the long-run, the blood builds up in the surrounding tissues such as legs, feet, and ankle resulting in Edema. Congestive heart failure, in rare cases, also lead to swelling in the abdomen. These difficulties sometimes cause the fluid to accumulate in the lungs hence causing breathing problems.
Kidney damage is also a serious complication that causes Edema (Daruich et al. 2018). Minor damage to the filtering and tiny blood vessels in the kidney sometimes leads to nephrotic syndrome. The low levels of protein in the nephrotic syndrome in the blood automatically result in fluid accumulation plus Edema. Damage or weakness in the legs' veins is another factor leading to Edema. Insufficient chronic venous permits blood to build up in the leg veins, thus causing swelling. The pain in calf muscle combined with onset swelling in one leg sometimes results from a blood clot in the leg veins. An insufficient lymphatic system is another factor that causes Edema. The lymphatic system in the blood plays a crucial role in clearing extra fluid from the tissues. In the case of a damaged lymphatic system, it may as a result of cancer surgery leads to the poor performance of lymph vessels and nodes, thus causing Edema. In this case study, the surgery that the patient underwent to remove the suspected cancerous lymph glands may be the main reason causing Edema.
In the medical field, Edema is a term used to refer to swelling that occurs as a result of a collection of fluid in the surrounding body tissues. Although Edema can occur virtually anywhere in the body, it is common in the lower limbs and hands. Pulmonary Edema usually happens in the lungs. Abdomen and peripheral Edema are signs of a more complicated medical condition and can be nervous health disorder. In this case study, the swelling of the patient's legs is a common sign of Edema. Puffiness or swelling in the legs is conventionally associated with gravity. Because of this, Edema is assumed to be worse in the lower limbs, usually referred to as peripheral Edema. This occurs after walking about, sitting in one position for long, and standing. Sacral Edema accumulates in the lower back as a result of being in bed for a long time. The patient is suffering from the chronic venous disorder. This condition occurs due to inadequate blood supply in the legs. The veins are unable to pump sufficient blood back up to the heart due to damaged valves in the veins. This frequently leads to fluid building up in the lower limbs, causing the development of skin sores. The inability of veins to push blood and effectively back to the heart causes varicose veins and fluid buildup in the legs.
Case study 2:
The low levels of vitamin B12 in the body is a common cause of pernicious anemia. The main purpose of vitamin B12 in the body is to assist the body in producing healthy red blood cells. Also, it helps in maintaining nerve cells in health conditions. Pernicious anemia is usually associated with nerve damage, digestive tract difficulties, and neurological disorders. In most situations, this health disorder leads to a destroyed immune system in the body. The cells that are destroyed are known as parietal cells and are responsible for the production of IF in the abdomen. Pernicious anemia occurs as a result of an autoimmune system that typically makes the patient be unable to manufacture a substance known as an intrinsic factor in the stomach. The common symptoms of this health problem include fatigue, weight loss, sore, pale skin, nausea, and weakness.
People suffering from this medical problem are assumed to have low levels of red blood cells. Vitamin B 12 plays a critical role in the production of these red blood cells (Langan & Goodbred 2017). A common protein in the body known as an intrinsic factor is the absorption of vitamin B12. In many cases of pernicious anemia, the immune system attacks. They are thus destroying the parietal cells that manufacture IF in the abdomen. This makes it difficult for the absorption of vitamin B12. Another medical test for this disorder includes blood examination to check for antibodies to IF and methylmalonic acid examination. The treatment available for pernicious anemia includes injections for vitamin B12 at close intervals, and making adjustments responsibly in the dosing of vitamin B12.
Case study 3:
Atherosclerosis is a health problem associated with cholesterol plaque collection in the walls of arteries, in the process leading to obstruction of blood flow (Gistera & Hasson 2017). In most cases, it is considered to be a heart disorder. It may occur in all parts of the body. The typical symptoms of this disorder are chest pain, which may cause stroke, angina, and myocardial infarction. The clogged arteries usually lead to chest pain, nausea, sweating, and dizziness. The standard method for treating atherosclerosis is cutting on cholesterol, such as statins and fibrates. This will assist in preventing thinning of the arteries.
References:
Bhattacharya, M., Kallet, R. H., Ware, L. B., & Matthay, M. A. (2016). Negative-pressure pulmonary Edema. Chest , 150 (4), 927-933.
Daruich, A., Matet, A., Moulin, A., Kowalczuk, L., Nicolas, M., Sellam, A., ... & Delaunay, K. (2018). Mechanisms of macular Edema: beyond the surface. Progress in retinal and eye research , 63 , 20-68.
Gisterå, A., & Hansson, G. K. (2017). The immunology of atherosclerosis. Nature Reviews Nephrology , 13 (6), 368.
Langan, R. C., & Goodbred, A. J. (2017). Vitamin B12 deficiency: recognition and management. American family physician , 96 (6), 384-389.
Suzuki, N., Hirano, Y., Yoshida, M., Tomiyasu, T., Uemura, A., Yasukawa, T., & Ogura, Y. (2016). Microvascular abnormalities on optical coherence tomography angiography in macular Edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. American journal of ophthalmology , 161 , 126-132.
